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Bumberger AE, Nenning A, Fleig J. Transmission line revisited - the impedance of mixed ionic and electronic conductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15068-15089. [PMID: 38752774 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This contribution provides a comprehensive guide for evaluating the one-dimensional impedance response of dense mixed ionic and electronic conductors based on a physically derived transmission line model. While mass and charge transport through the bulk of a mixed conductor is always described by three fundamental parameters (chemical capacitance, ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity), it is the nature of the contact interfaces that largely determines the observed impedance response. Thus, to allow an intuitive adaptation of the transmission line model for any specific measurement situation, the physical meanings of terminal impedance elements at the ionic and electronic rail ends are explicitly discussed. By distinguishing between charge transfer terminals and electrochemical reaction terminals, the range of possible measurement configurations is categorized into symmetrical, SOFC-type and battery-type setups, all of which are explored on the basis of practical examples from the literature. Also, the transformation of an SOFC electrode into a battery electrode and the relevance of side reactions for the impedance of battery electrodes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Nenning
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juergen Fleig
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Develos-Bagarinao K, Yamaguchi T, Kishimoto H. Elucidating the performance benefits enabled by YSZ/Ni-YSZ bilayer thin films in a porous anode-supported cell architecture. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37376979 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the performance and improving the stability of solid oxide cells are critical requirements for advancing this technology toward commercial applications. In this study, a systematic comparison of anode-supported cells utilizing thin films with those utilizing conventional screen-printed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is performed. High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging is used to visualize, for the first time, the extent of Ni diffusion into screen-printed microcrystalline YSZ electrolytes of approximately 2-3 μm thickness, due to the high temperature (typically >1300 °C) used in the conventional sintering process. As an alternative approach, dense YSZ thin films and Ni(O)-YSZ nanocomposite layers are prepared using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at a relatively low temperature of 750 °C. YSZ thin films exhibit densely packed nanocrystalline grains and a remarkable suppression of Ni diffusion, which are further associated with some reduction in the ohmic resistance of the cell, especially in the low temperature regime. Moreover, the use of a Ni-YSZ nanocomposite layer resulted in improved contact at the YSZ/anode interface as well as a higher density of triple phase boundaries due to the nanoscale Ni and YSZ grains being homogeneously distributed throughout the structure. The cells utilizing the YSZ/Ni-YSZ bilayer thin films show excellent performance in fuel cell operation and good durability in short-term operation up to 65 hours. These results provide insights into ways to improve the electrochemical performance of SOCs by utilizing innovative thin film structures in conjunction with commercially viable porous anode-supported cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Develos-Bagarinao
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Yamaguchi
- Energy Process Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Haruo Kishimoto
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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3
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Madhual S, Pramanik K, Kumar PP. Understanding oxide ion transport in yttria stabilized zirconia: fresh insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18281-18290. [PMID: 35880518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive molecular dynamics investigation of yttria stabilized zirconia, YxZr1-xO2-x/2, is carried out for a wide range of composition, x = 4 to 40 mol%, and over the temperature spanning 800-2200 K. The lattice parameter of the fluorite cell shows a monotonic increase with concentration, while the self-diffusivity of the oxide ion as well as the resulting ionic conductivity shows an optimum value around x = 10 mol%. These gross structural and transport properties of the system from the present study are in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical investigations. It is noted that oxygen migration occurs along straight channels parallel to the crystallographic axes, connecting the tetrahedral holes of the fluorite lattice occupied by them. A microscopic investigation of distinct oxygen environments, variably coordinated to Y3+ and Zr4+ cations, and of the channels connecting them is carried out. Analysis of these local channels for their energetics and their contribution to overall oxygen transport, resolved in terms of the cationic edges connecting them, provides fresh insights into the oxygen migration mechanism in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Madhual
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Krishnanjan Pramanik
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - P Padma Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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4
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Toriumi H, Jeong S, Kitano S, Habazaki H, Aoki Y. Enhanced Performance of Protonic Solid Oxide Steam Electrolysis Cell of Zr-Rich Side BaZr 0.6Ce 0.2Y 0.2O 3-δ Electrolyte with an Anode Functional Layer. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9944-9950. [PMID: 35350337 PMCID: PMC8945173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (H-SOEC) containing a 15-μm-thick BaZr0.6Ce0.2Y0.2O3-δ (BZCY622) electrolyte thin film, porous cathode cermet support, and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ anodes were fabricated using a reactive cofiring process at approximately 1400 °C. Steam electrolysis was conducted by supplying wet air to the anode at a water partial pressure of 20 kPa. The performance was evaluated using electrochemical measurements and gas chromatography. At 600 °C, the cells generated an electrolysis current of 0.47 A cm-2 at a 1.3 V bias while the Faradaic efficiency reached 56% using 400 mA cm-2. The electrolysis performance was efficiently improved by introducing a 40-nm-thick La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ (LSC) nanolayer as an anode functional layer (AFL). The cells with LSC AFL produced an electrolysis current of 0.87 A cm-2 at a 1.3 V bias at 600 °C, and the Faradaic efficiency reached 65% under 400 mA cm-2. Impedance analysis showed that the introduction of the AFL decreased the ohmic resistances and improved interfacial proton transfer across the anode/electrolyte interface and polarization resistances related to the anode reaction. These results demonstrate opportunities for future research on AFL to improve the performance of H-SOECs with Zr-rich BaZr x Ce1-x-y Y y O3-δ electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Toriumi
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - SeongWoo Jeong
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Sho Kitano
- Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8626, Japan
| | - Hiroki Habazaki
- Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8626, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoki
- Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8626, Japan
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5
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Harrington GF, Cavallaro A, McComb DW, Skinner SJ, Kilner JA. The effects of lattice strain, dislocations, and microstructure on the transport properties of YSZ films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14319-14336. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report that lattice strain and dislocations play a negligible role on the ionic conductivity of YSZ films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David W. McComb
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | | | - John A. Kilner
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
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6
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Bachman JC, Muy S, Grimaud A, Chang HH, Pour N, Lux SF, Paschos O, Maglia F, Lupart S, Lamp P, Giordano L, Shao-Horn Y. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction. Chem Rev 2015; 116:140-62. [PMID: 26713396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review is focused on ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid-state electrolytes to be used in electrochemical energy-storage systems. Properties of the migrating species significantly affecting diffusion, including the valency and ionic radius, are discussed. The natures of the ligand and metal composing the skeleton of the host framework are analyzed and shown to have large impacts on the performance of solid-state electrolytes. A comprehensive identification of the candidate migrating species and structures is carried out. Not only the bulk properties of the conductors are explored, but the concept of tuning the conductivity through interfacial effects-specifically controlling grain boundaries and strain at the interfaces-is introduced. High-frequency dielectric constants and frequencies of low-energy optical phonons are shown as examples of properties that correlate with activation energy across many classes of ionic conductors. Experimental studies and theoretical results are discussed in parallel to give a pathway for further improvement of solid-state electrolytes. Through this discussion, the present Review aims to provide insight into the physical parameters affecting the diffusion process, to allow for more efficient and target-oriented research on improving solid-state ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon F Lux
- BMW Group Technology Office USA , Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | | | - Filippo Maglia
- Research Battery Technology, BMW Group , Munich 80788, Germany
| | - Saskia Lupart
- Research Battery Technology, BMW Group , Munich 80788, Germany
| | - Peter Lamp
- Research Battery Technology, BMW Group , Munich 80788, Germany
| | - Livia Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , 20126 Milano, Italy
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Yang SM, Lee S, Jian J, Zhang W, Lu P, Jia Q, Wang H, Won Noh T, Kalinin SV, MacManus-Driscoll JL. Strongly enhanced oxygen ion transport through samarium-doped CeO2 nanopillars in nanocomposite films. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8588. [PMID: 26446866 PMCID: PMC4633963 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of oxygen ion conductivity in oxides is important for low-temperature (<500 °C) operation of solid oxide fuel cells, sensors and other ionotronic devices. While huge ion conductivity has been demonstrated in planar heterostructure films, there has been considerable debate over the origin of the conductivity enhancement, in part because of the difficulties of probing buried ion transport channels. Here we create a practical geometry for device miniaturization, consisting of highly crystalline micrometre-thick vertical nanocolumns of Sm-doped CeO2 embedded in supporting matrices of SrTiO3. The ionic conductivity is higher by one order of magnitude than plain Sm-doped CeO2 films. By using scanning probe microscopy, we show that the fast ion-conducting channels are not exclusively restricted to the interface but also are localized at the Sm-doped CeO2 nanopillars. This work offers a pathway to realize spatially localized fast ion transport in oxides of micrometre thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mo Yang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Shinbuhm Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Jie Jian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ping Lu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Quanxi Jia
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Tae Won Noh
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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8
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Stender D, Frison R, Conder K, Rupp JLM, Scherrer B, Martynczuk JM, Gauckler LJ, Schneider CW, Lippert T, Wokaun A. Crystallization of zirconia based thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18613-20. [PMID: 26119755 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization kinetics of amorphous 3 and 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3YSZ and 8YSZ) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), spray pyrolysis and dc-magnetron sputtering are explored. The deposited films were heat treated up to 1000 °C ex situ and in situ in an X-ray diffractometer. A minimum temperature of 275 °C was determined at which as-deposited amorphous PLD grown 3YSZ films fully crystallize within five hours. Above 325 °C these films transform nearly instantaneously with a high degree of micro-strain when crystallized below 500 °C. In these films the t'' phase crystallizes which transforms at T > 600 °C to the t' phase upon relaxation of the micro-strain. Furthermore, the crystallization of 8YSZ thin films grown by PLD, spray pyrolysis and dc-sputtering are characterized by in situ XRD measurements. At a constant heating rate of 2.4 K min(-1) crystallization is accomplished after reaching 800 °C, while PLD grown thin films were completely crystallized already at ca. 300 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stender
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Research Department General Energy, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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9
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Develos-Bagarinao K, Kishimoto H, Yamaji K, Horita T, Yokokawa H. Evidence for enhanced oxygen surface exchange reaction in nanostructured Gd2O3-doped CeO2 films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:215401. [PMID: 25930178 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/21/215401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of microstructure of Gd₂O₃-doped CeO₂ (GDC) films on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion is reported. Epitaxial GDC (10 mol% Gd) films up to 1 μm in thickness are prepared using pulsed laser deposition on (100) yttria-stabilized zirconia single-crystal substrates and subjected to high-temperature annealing at 1300 °C in air to induce microstructural modifications. Characterization using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveals granular morphologies comprised of densely packed columnar nanostructures for the as-grown GDC films; however, significant microstructural reconstruction of the entire GDC layer occurs after high-temperature annealing. (18)O isotope exchange depth profiling with dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy is employed to evaluate the oxygen surface exchange coefficient k* and the diffusion coefficient D* at T = 600 °C. The as-grown GDC exhibits up to 10 times higher k* than the annealed film. The strong differences in oxygen surface reaction are correlated to the observed film properties including surface microstructure and cerium oxidation state as evaluated using electron energy loss spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Develos-Bagarinao
- Fuel Cell Materials Group, Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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10
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Pergolesi D, Roddatis V, Fabbri E, Schneider CW, Lippert T, Traversa E, Kilner JA. Probing the bulk ionic conductivity by thin film hetero-epitaxial engineering. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:015001. [PMID: 27877751 PMCID: PMC5036489 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/1/015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Highly textured thin films with small grain boundary regions can be used as model systems to directly measure the bulk conductivity of oxygen ion conducting oxides. Ionic conducting thin films and epitaxial heterostructures are also widely used to probe the effect of strain on the oxygen ion migration in oxide materials. For the purpose of these investigations a good lattice matching between the film and the substrate is required to promote the ordered film growth. Moreover, the substrate should be a good electrical insulator at high temperature to allow a reliable electrical characterization of the deposited film. Here we report the fabrication of an epitaxial heterostructure made with a double buffer layer of BaZrO3 and SrTiO3 grown on MgO substrates that fulfills both requirements. Based on such template platform, highly ordered (001) epitaxially oriented thin films of 15% Sm-doped CeO2 and 8 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 are grown. Bulk conductivities as well as activation energies are measured for both materials, confirming the success of the approach. The reported insulating template platform promises potential application also for the electrical characterization of other novel electrolyte materials that still need a thorough understanding of their ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christof W Schneider
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Department of General Energy Research, CH-5225, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lippert
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Department of General Energy Research, CH-5225, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Traversa
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A Kilner
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Li F, Lu R, Wu H, Kan E, Xiao C, Deng K, Ellis DE. The strain effect on colossal oxygen ionic conductivity in nanoscale zirconia electrolytes: a first-principles-based study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2692-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43350h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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