1
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Chen T, Ye Y, Wang Y, Fang C, Lin W, Jiang Y, Xu B, Ouyang C, Zheng J. Tuning a small electron polaron in FePO 4 by P-site or O-site doping based on DFT+ U and KMC simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8734-8742. [PMID: 36896849 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp06034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the existence of a small polaron, the intrinsic electronic conductivity of olivine-structured LiFePO4 is quite low, limiting its performance as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Previous studies have mainly focused on improving intrinsic conductivity through Fe-site doping while P-site or O-site doping has rarely been reported. Herein, we studied the formation and dynamics of the small electron polaron in FeP1-αXαO4 and FePO4-βZβ by employing the density functional theory with the on-site Hubbard correction terms (DFT+U) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation, where X and Z indicate the doping elements (X = S, Se, As, Si, V; Z = S, F, Cl), and α and β indicate the light doping at the P position (α = 0.0625) and O position (β = 0.015625), respectively. We confirmed the small electron polaron formation in pristine FePO4 and its doped systems, and the polaron hopping rates for all systems were calculated according to the Marcus-Emin-Holstein-Austin-Mott (MEHAM) theory. We found that the hopping process is adiabatic for most cases with the defects breaking the original symmetry. Based on the KMC simulation results, we found that the doping of S at the P site changes the polaron's motion mode, which is expected to increase the mobility and intrinsic electronic conductivity. This study attempts to provide theoretical guidance to improve the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4-like cathode materials with better rate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowen Chen
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaokun Ye
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Fang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weicheng Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Jiang
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C-LAB), Ningde 352100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Xu
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C-LAB), Ningde 352100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuying Ouyang
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C-LAB), Ningde 352100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C-LAB), Ningde 352100, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ahart CS, Rosso KM, Blumberger J. Implementation and Validation of Constrained Density Functional Theory Forces in the CP2K Package. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4438-4446. [PMID: 35700315 PMCID: PMC9281399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Constrained density
functional theory (CDFT) is a powerful tool
for the prediction of electron transfer parameters in condensed phase
simulations at a reasonable computational cost. In this work we present
an extension to CDFT in the popular mixed Gaussian/plane wave electronic
structure package CP2K, implementing the additional force terms arising
from a constraint based on Hirshfeld charge partitioning. This improves
upon the existing Becke partitioning scheme, which is prone to give
unphysical atomic charges. We verify this implementation for a variety
of systems: electron transfer in (H2O)2+ in a vacuum, electron tunnelling
between oxygen vacancy centers in solid MgO, and electron self-exchange
in aqueous Ru2+–Ru3+. We find good agreement
with previous plane-wave CDFT results for the same systems, but at
a significantly lower computational cost, and we discuss the general
reliability of condensed phase CDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Ahart
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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3
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Zotti LA, Dednam W, Lombardi EB, Palacios JJ. Constrained DFT for Molecular Junctions. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071234. [PMID: 35407352 PMCID: PMC9002544 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the use of constrained density functional theory (cDFT) for molecular junctions based on benzenediamine. By elongating the junction, we observe that the energy gap between the ionization potential and the electronic affinity increases with the stretching distance. This is consistent with the trend expected from the electrostatic screening. A more detailed analysis shows how this influences the charge distribution of both the individual metal layers and the molecular atoms. Overall, our work shows that constrained DFT is a powerful tool for studying screening effects in molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Angela Zotti
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Wynand Dednam
- Department of Physics, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Park 1710, South Africa; (W.D.); (E.B.L.)
| | - Enrico B. Lombardi
- Department of Physics, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Park 1710, South Africa; (W.D.); (E.B.L.)
| | - Juan Jose Palacios
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Ahart CS, Rosso KM, Blumberger J. Electron and Hole Mobilities in Bulk Hematite from Spin-Constrained Density Functional Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4623-4632. [PMID: 35239359 PMCID: PMC9097473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal oxide materials have attracted much attention for photoelectrochemical water splitting, but problems remain, e.g. the sluggish transport of excess charge carriers in these materials, which is not well understood. Here we use periodic, spin-constrained and gap-optimized hybrid density functional theory to uncover the nature and transport mechanism of holes and excess electrons in a widely used water splitting material, bulk-hematite (α-Fe2O3). We find that upon ionization the hole relaxes from a delocalized band state to a polaron localized on a single iron atom with localization induced by tetragonal distortion of the six surrounding iron-oxygen bonds. This distortion is responsible for sluggish hopping transport in the Fe-bilayer, characterized by an activation energy of 70 meV and a hole mobility of 0.031 cm2/(V s). By contrast, the excess electron induces a smaller distortion of the iron-oxygen bonds resulting in delocalization over two neighboring Fe units. We find that 2-site delocalization is advantageous for charge transport due to the larger spatial displacements per transfer step. As a result, the electron mobility is predicted to be a factor of 3 higher than the hole mobility, 0.098 cm2/(V s), in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. This work provides new fundamental insight into charge carrier transport in hematite with implications for its photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Ahart
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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5
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Ziogos OG, Blumberger J. Ultrafast estimation of electronic couplings for electron transfer between pi-conjugated organic molecules. II. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244110. [PMID: 34972358 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of highly efficient methods for the calculation of electronic coupling matrix elements between the electron donor and acceptor is an important goal in theoretical organic semiconductor research. In Paper I [F. Gajdos, S. Valner, F. Hoffmann, J. Spencer, M. Breuer, A. Kubas, M. Dupuis, and J. Blumberger, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10, 4653 (2014)], we introduced the analytic overlap method (AOM) for this purpose, which is an ultrafast electronic coupling estimator parameterized to and orders of magnitude faster than density functional theory (DFT) calculations at a reasonably small loss in accuracy. In this work, we reparameterize and extend the AOM to molecules containing nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and sulfur heteroatoms using 921 dimer configurations from the recently introduced HAB79 dataset. We find again a very good linear correlation between the frontier orbital overlap, calculated ultrafast in an optimized minimum Slater basis, and DFT reference electronic couplings. The new parameterization scheme is shown to be transferable to sulfur-containing polyaromatic hydrocarbons in experimentally resolved dimeric configurations. Our extension of the AOM enables high-throughput screening of very large databases of chemically diverse organic crystal structures and the application of computationally intense non-adiabatic molecular dynamics methods to charge transport in state-of-the-art organic semiconductors, e.g., non-fullerene acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis George Ziogos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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6
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Ziogos OG, Kubas A, Futera Z, Xie W, Elstner M, Blumberger J. HAB79: A new molecular dataset for benchmarking DFT and DFTB electronic couplings against high-level ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234115. [PMID: 34937363 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new molecular dataset called HAB79 is introduced to provide ab initio reference values for electronic couplings (transfer integrals) and to benchmark density functional theory (DFT) and density functional tight-binding (DFTB) calculations. The HAB79 dataset is composed of 79 planar heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbon molecules frequently encountered in organic (opto)electronics, arranged to 921 structurally diverse dimer configurations. We show that CASSCF/NEVPT2 with a minimal active space provides a robust reference method that can be applied to the relatively large molecules of the dataset. Electronic couplings are largest for cofacial dimers, in particular, sulfur-containing polyaromatic hydrocarbons, with values in excess of 0.5 eV, followed by parallel displaced cofacial dimers. V-shaped dimer motifs, often encountered in the herringbone layers of organic crystals, exhibit medium-sized couplings, whereas T-shaped dimers have the lowest couplings. DFT values obtained from the projector operator-based diabatization (POD) method are initially benchmarked against the smaller databases HAB11 (HAB7-) and found to systematically improve when climbing Jacob's ladder, giving mean relative unsigned errors (MRUEs) of 27.7% (26.3%) for the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional BLYP, 20.7% (15.8%) for hybrid functional B3LYP, and 5.2% (7.5%) for the long-range corrected hybrid functional omega-B97X. Cost-effective POD in combination with a GGA functional and very efficient DFTB calculations on the dimers of the HAB79 database give a good linear correlation with the CASSCF/NEVPT2 reference data, which, after scaling with a multiplicative constant, gives reasonably small MRUEs of 17.9% and 40.1%, respectively, bearing in mind that couplings in HAB79 vary over 4 orders of magnitude. The ab initio reference data reported here are expected to be useful for benchmarking other DFT or semi-empirical approaches for electronic coupling calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis George Ziogos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zdenek Futera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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7
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Carey JJ, Quirk JA, McKenna KP. Hole Polaron Migration in Bulk Phases of TiO 2 Using Hybrid Density Functional Theory. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:12441-12450. [PMID: 34276864 PMCID: PMC8279702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding charge-carrier transport in semiconductors is vital to the improvement of material performance for various applications in optoelectronics and photochemistry. Here, we use hybrid density functional theory to model small hole polaron transport in the anatase, brookite, and TiO2-B phases of titanium dioxide and determine the rates of site-to-site hopping as well as thermal ionization into the valance band and retrapping. We find that the hole polaron mobility increases in the order TiO2-B < anatase < brookite and there are distinct differences in the character of hole polaron migration in each phase. As well as having fundamental interest, these results have implications for applications of TiO2 in photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry, which we discuss.
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8
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Barragan AM, Soudackov AV, Luthey-Schulten Z, Hammes-Schiffer S, Schulten K, Solov'yov IA. Theoretical Description of the Primary Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reaction in the Cytochrome bc1 Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:715-723. [PMID: 33397104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1 complex is a transmembrane enzymatic protein complex that plays a central role in cellular energy production and is present in both photosynthetic and respiratory chain organelles. Its reaction mechanism is initiated by the binding of a quinol molecule to an active site, followed by a series of charge transfer reactions between the quinol and protein subunits. Previous work hypothesized that the primary reaction was a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction because of the apparent absence of intermediate states associated with single proton or electron transfer reactions. In the present study, the kinetics of the primary bc1 complex PCET reaction is investigated with a vibronically nonadiabatic PCET theory in conjunction with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations. The computed rate constants and relatively high kinetic isotope effects are consistent with experimental measurements on related biomimetic systems. The analysis implicates a concerted PCET mechanism with significant hydrogen tunneling and nonadiabatic effects in the bc1 complex. Moreover, the employed theoretical framework is shown to serve as a general strategy for describing PCET reactions in bioenergetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Barragan
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zaida Luthey-Schulten
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Klaus Schulten
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
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9
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Ghan S, Kunkel C, Reuter K, Oberhofer H. Improved Projection-Operator Diabatization Schemes for the Calculation of Electronic Coupling Values. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7431-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simiam Ghan
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Kunkel
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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10
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Gütlein P, Blumberger J, Oberhofer H. An Iterative Fragment Scheme for the ACKS2 Electronic Polarization Model: Application to Molecular Dimers and Chains. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5723-5735. [PMID: 32701273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of electrostatic interactions is a key ingredient in the force field-based simulation of condensed phase systems. Most approaches used fixed, site-specific point charges. Yet, it is now clear that many applications of force fields (FFs) demand more sophisticated treatments, prompting the implementation of charge equilibration methods in polarizable FFs to allow the redistribution of charge within the system. One approach allowing both, charge redistribution and site-specific polarization, while at the same time solving methodological shortcomings of earlier methods, is the first-principles-derived atom-condensed Kohn-Sham density functional theory method approximated to the second order (ACKS2). In this work, we present two fragment approaches to ACKS2, termed f-ACKS2 and a self-consistent version, scf-ACKS2, that treat condensed phase systems as a collection of electronically polarizable molecular fragments. The fragmentation approach to ACKS2 not only leads to a more transferable and less system-specific collection of electronic response parameters but also opens up the method to large condensed phase systems. We validate the accuracies of f-ACKS2 and scf-ACKS2 by comparing polarization energies and induced dipole moments for a number of charged hydrocarbon dimers against DFT reference calculations. Finally, we also apply both fragmented ACKS2 variants to calculate the polarization energy for electron-hole pair separation along a chain of anthracene molecules and find excellent agreement with reference DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gütlein
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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11
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Giannini S, Ziogos OG, Carof A, Ellis M, Blumberger J. Flickering Polarons Extending over Ten Nanometres Mediate Charge Transport in High‐Mobility Organic Crystals. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Orestis George Ziogos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Antoine Carof
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS, UMR No. 7019 Université de Lorraine BP 239 Vandœuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex 54506 France
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
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12
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Ma H, Wang W, Kim S, Cheng MH, Govoni M, Galli G. PyCDFT: A Python package for constrained density functional theory. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1859-1867. [PMID: 32497321 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present PyCDFT, a Python package to compute diabatic states using constrained density functional theory (CDFT). PyCDFT provides an object-oriented, customizable implementation of CDFT, and allows for both single-point self-consistent-field calculations and geometry optimizations. PyCDFT is designed to interface with existing density functional theory (DFT) codes to perform CDFT calculations where constraint potentials are added to the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian. Here, we demonstrate the use of PyCDFT by performing calculations with a massively parallel first-principles molecular dynamics code, Qbox, and we benchmark its accuracy by computing the electronic coupling between diabatic states for a set of organic molecules. We show that PyCDFT yields results in agreement with existing implementations and is a robust and flexible package for performing CDFT calculations. The program is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3821097.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Wennie Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Siyoung Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Man-Hin Cheng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marco Govoni
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Blumberger J, Gaigeot MP, Sulpizi M, Vuilleumier R. Frontiers in molecular simulation of solvated ions, molecules and interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10393-10396. [PMID: 32352136 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp90091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This themed collection is a collection of articles on frontiers in molecular simulation of solvated ions, molecules and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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14
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Futera Z, Jiang X, Blumberger J. Ergodicity Breaking in Thermal Biological Electron Transfer? Cytochrome C Revisited II. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3336-3342. [PMID: 32223243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It was recently suggested that cytochrome c operates in an ergodicity-breaking regime characterized by unusually large energy gap thermal fluctuations and associated reorganization free energies for heme oxidation of up to 3.0 eV. The large fluctuations were reported to lower activation free energy for oxidation of the heme cofactor by almost a factor of 2 compared to the case where ergodicity is maintained. Our group has recently investigated this claim computationally at several levels of theory and found no evidence for such large energy gap fluctuations. Here we address the points of our earlier work that have raised criticism and we also extend our previous investigation by considering a simple linear polarizability model for cytochrome c oxidation. We find very consistent results among all our computational approaches, ranging from classical molecular dynamics, to the linear polarizability model to QM(PMM)/MM to full QM(DFT)/MM electrostatic emdedding. None of them support the notion of very large energy gap fluctuations or ergodicity breaking. The deviation between our simulations and the ones reported in [ J. Phys. Chem. B 2017, 121, 4958] is traced back to rather large electric fields at the Fe site of the heme c cofactor in that study, not seen in our simulations, neither with the AMBER nor with the CHARMM force field. While ergodicity breaking effects may well occur in other biological ET, our numerical evidence suggests that this is not the case for cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Futera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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15
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Smith B, Akimov AV. Modeling nonadiabatic dynamics in condensed matter materials: some recent advances and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:073001. [PMID: 31661681 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the field of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD), with particular attention given to condensed-matter systems. NA-MD simulations for small molecular systems can be performed using high-level electronic structure (ES) calculations, methods accounting for the quantization of nuclear motion, and using fewer approximations in the dynamical methodology itself. Modeling condensed-matter systems imposes many limitations on various aspects of NA-MD computations, requiring approximations at various levels of theory-from the ES, to the ways in which the coupling of electrons and nuclei are accounted for. Nonetheless, the approximate treatment of NA-MD in condensed-phase materials has gained a spin lately in many applied studies. A number of advancements of the methodology and computational tools have been undertaken, including general-purpose methods, as well as those tailored to nanoscale and condensed matter systems. This review summarizes such methodological and software developments, puts them into the broader context of existing approaches, and highlights some of the challenges that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States of America
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16
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Ahart CS, Blumberger J, Rosso KM. Polaronic structure of excess electrons and holes for a series of bulk iron oxides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10699-10709. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the use of a gap-optimized hybrid functional and large supercells, it is found that while the electron hole polaron generally localises onto a single iron site, the electron polaron localises across two iron sites of the same spin layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S. Ahart
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
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17
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Carof A, Giannini S, Blumberger J. How to calculate charge mobility in molecular materials from surface hopping non-adiabatic molecular dynamics - beyond the hopping/band paradigm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26368-26386. [PMID: 31793569 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04770k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in high mobility organic semiconductors is in an intermediate regime between small polaron hopping and band transport limits. We have recently shown that surface hopping non-adiabatic molecular dynamics is a powerful method for prediction of charge transport mechanisms in organic materials and for near-quantitative prediction of charge mobilities at room temperature where the effects of nuclear zero-point motion and tunneling are still relatively small [S. Giannini et al., Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 3843]. Here we assess and critically discuss the extensions to Tully's original method that have led to this success: (i) correction for missing electronic decoherence, (ii) detection of trivial crossings and (iii) removal of decoherence correction-induced spurious charge transfer. If any one of these corrections is not included, the charge mobility diverges with system size, each for different physical reasons. Yet if they are included, convergence with system size, detailed balance and good internal consistency are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Carof
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Ku C, Sit PHL. Oxidation-State Constrained Density Functional Theory for the Study of Electron-Transfer Reactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4781-4789. [PMID: 31339717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new constrained density functional theory (CDFT) approach which directly controls the oxidation state of the target atoms. In this new approach called oxidation-state constrained density functional theory (OS-CDFT), the eigenvalues of the occupation matrix obtained from projecting the Kohn-Sham wave functions onto the valence orbitals are constrained to obtain the desired oxidation states. This approach is particularly useful to study electron transfer problems in transition metal-containing systems due to the multivalent nature of the transition metal ions. The calculation of the forces on the ions and of the coupling constant was implemented under the OS-CDFT scheme to allow efficient and accurate study of electron transfer reactions. We demonstrated the application of this method in the study of different electron transfer reactions including the aqueous ferrous-ferric self-exchange reaction, polaron hopping in the TiO2 anatase and bismuth vanadate, and photoexcited electron transfer in the sapphire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ku
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick H-L Sit
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , People's Republic of China
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19
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Jiang X, Futera Z, Blumberger J. Ergodicity-Breaking in Thermal Biological Electron Transfer? Cytochrome C Revisited. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7588-7598. [PMID: 31405279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It was recently suggested that certain redox proteins operate in an ergodicity-breaking regime to facilitate biological electron transfer (ET). A signature for this is a large variance reorganization free energy (several electronvolts) but a significantly smaller Stokes reorganization free energy due to incomplete protein relaxation on the time scale of the ET event. Here we investigate whether this picture holds for oxidation of cytochrome c in aqueous solution, at various levels of theory including classical molecular dynamics with two additive and one electronically polarizable force field, and QM/MM calculations with the QM region treated by full electrostatic DFT embedding and by the perturbed matrix method. Sampling the protein and energy gap dynamics over more than 250 ns, we find no evidence for ergodicity-breaking effects. In particular, the inclusion of electronic polarizability of the heme group at QM/MM levels did not induce nonergodic effects, contrary to previous reports by Matyushov et al. The well-known problem of overestimation of reorganization free energies with additive force fields is cured when the protein and solvent are treated as electronically polarizable. Ergodicity-breaking effects may occur in other redox proteins, and our results suggest that long simulations, ideally on the ET time scale, with electronically polarizable force fields are required to obtain strong numerical evidence for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Zdenek Futera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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20
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Migliore A. How To Extract Quantitative Information on Electronic Transitions from the Density Functional Theory "Black Box". J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4915-4923. [PMID: 31314526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic couplings and vertical excitation energies are crucial determinants of charge and excitation energy transfer rates in a broad variety of processes ranging from biological charge transfer to charge transport through inorganic materials, from molecular sensing to intracellular signaling. Density Functional Theory (DFT) is generally used to calculate these critical parameters, but the quality of the results is unpredictable because of the semiempirical nature of the available DFT approaches. This study identifies a small set of fundamental rules that enables accurate DFT computation of electronic couplings and vertical excitation energies in molecular complexes and materials. These rules are applied to predict efficient DFT approaches to coupling calculations. The result is an easy-to-use guide for reliable DFT descriptions of electronic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Migliore
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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21
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Carof A, Giannini S, Blumberger J. Detailed balance, internal consistency, and energy conservation in fragment orbital-based surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:214113. [PMID: 29221382 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently introduced an efficient semi-empirical non-adiabatic molecular dynamics method for the simulation of charge transfer/transport in molecules and molecular materials, denoted fragment orbital-based surface hopping (FOB-SH) [J. Spencer et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 064102 (2016)]. In this method, the charge carrier wavefunction is expanded in a set of charge localized, diabatic electronic states and propagated in the time-dependent potential due to classical nuclear motion. Here we derive and implement an exact expression for the non-adiabatic coupling vectors between the adiabatic electronic states in terms of nuclear gradients of the diabatic electronic states. With the non-adiabatic coupling vectors (NACVs) available, we investigate how different flavours of fewest switches surface hopping affect detailed balance, internal consistency, and total energy conservation for electron hole transfer in a molecular dimer with two electronic states. We find that FOB-SH satisfies detailed balance across a wide range of diabatic electronic coupling strengths provided that the velocities are adjusted along the direction of the NACV to satisfy total energy conservation upon a surface hop. This criterion produces the right fraction of energy-forbidden (frustrated) hops, which is essential for correct population of excited states, especially when diabatic couplings are on the order of the thermal energy or larger, as in organic semiconductors and DNA. Furthermore, we find that FOB-SH is internally consistent, that is, the electronic surface population matches the average quantum amplitudes, but only in the limit of small diabatic couplings. For large diabatic couplings, inconsistencies are observed as the decrease in excited state population due to frustrated hops is not matched by a corresponding decrease in quantum amplitudes. The derivation provided here for the NACV should be generally applicable to any electronic structure approach where the electronic Hamiltonian is constructed in a diabatic electronic state basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Carof
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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22
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Water Structure and Mechanisms of Proton Discharge on Platinum Electrodes: Empirical Valence Bond Molecular Dynamics Trajectory Studies. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Kim H, Goodson T, Zimmerman PM. Density Functional Physicality in Electronic Coupling Estimation: Benchmarks and Error Analysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3242-3248. [PMID: 28661148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic coupling estimates from constrained density functional theory configuration interaction (CDFT-CI) depend critically on choice of density functional. In this Letter, the orbital multielectron self-interaction error (OMSIE), vertical electron affinity (VEA), and vertical ionization potential (VIP) are shown to be the key indicators inherited from the density functional that determine the accuracy of electronic coupling estimates. An error metric η is derived to connect the three properties, based on the linear proportionality between electronic coupling and overlap integral, and the hypothesis that the slope of this line is a function of VEA/VIP, η = (1/Ntestset)Σitestset|-VERef × OMSIE + ΔVE - ΔVE × OMSIE|i. Based on η, BH&HLYP and LRC-ωPBEh are suggested as the best functionals for electron and hole transfer, respectively. Error metric η is therefore a useful predictor of errors in CDFT-CI electronic coupling, showing that the physical correctness of the density functional has a direct effect on the accuracy of the electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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24
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Oberhofer H, Reuter K, Blumberger J. Charge Transport in Molecular Materials: An Assessment of Computational Methods. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The booming field of molecular electronics has fostered a surge of computational research on electronic properties of organic molecular solids. In particular, with respect to a microscopic understanding of transport and loss mechanisms, theoretical studies assume an ever-increasing role. Owing to the tremendous diversity of organic molecular materials, a great number of computational methods have been put forward to suit every possible charge transport regime, material, and need for accuracy. With this review article we aim at providing a compendium of the available methods, their theoretical foundations, and their ranges of validity. We illustrate these through applications found in the literature. The focus is on methods available for organic molecular crystals, but mention is made wherever techniques are suitable for use in other related materials such as disordered or polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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25
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von Rudorff GF, Jakobsen R, Rosso KM, Blumberger J. Improving the Performance of Hybrid Functional-Based Molecular Dynamics Simulation through Screening of Hartree-Fock Exchange Forces. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2178-2184. [PMID: 28350956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory-based molecular dynamics calculations of condensed phase systems often benefit from the use of hybrid functionals. However, their use is computationally very demanding and severely limits the system size and time scale that can be simulated. Several methods have been introduced to accelerate hybrid functional molecular dynamics including Schwarz screening and the auxiliary density matrix method (ADMM). Here we present a simple screening scheme that can be applied in addition to these methods. It works by examining Hartree-Fock exchange (HFX) integrals and subsequently excluding those that contribute very little to any nuclear force component. The resultant force error is corrected by a history-dependent extrapolation scheme. We find that for systems where the calculation of HFX forces is a major bottleneck, a large fraction of the integrals can be neglected without introducing significant errors in the nuclear forces. For instance, for a 2 × 2 × 2 unit cell of CoO, 92% of the HFX integrals that have passed Schwarz screening within the ADMM approach can be neglected leading to a performance gain of a factor of 3 at a negligible error in nuclear forces (≤5 × 10-4 H bohr-1). We also show that total energy conservation and solvation structures are not adversely affected by the screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Jakobsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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26
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Goldey MB, Brawand NP, Vörös M, Galli G. Charge Transport in Nanostructured Materials: Implementation and Verification of Constrained Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2581-2590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Goldey
- Institute
for Molecule Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Brawand
- Institute
for Molecule Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Márton Vörös
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Institute
for Molecule Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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27
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Nakano H, Sato H. Introducing the mean field approximation to CDFT/MMpol method: Statistically converged equilibrium and nonequilibrium free energy calculation for electron transfer reactions in condensed phases. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Japan
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Goldey MB, Reid D, de Pablo J, Galli G. Planarity and multiple components promote organic photovoltaic efficiency by improving electronic transport. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31388-31399. [PMID: 27722501 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04999k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing how the conformation of organic photovoltaic (OPV) polymers affects their electronic and transport properties is critical in order to determine design rules for new OPV materials and in particular to understand the performance enhancements recently reported for ternary blends. We report coupled classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations showing that polymer linkage twisting significantly reduces optical absorption efficiency, as well as hole transport rates in donor polymers. We predict that blends with components favoring planar geometries contribute to the enhancement of the overall efficiency of ternary OPVs. Furthermore, our electronic structure calculations for the PTB7-PID2-PC71BM system show that hole transfer rates are enhanced in ternary blends with respect to their binary counterpart. Finally, our results point at thermal disorder in the blend as a key reason responsible for device voltage losses and at the need to carry out electronic structure calculations at finite temperature to reliably compare with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Goldey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Daniel Reid
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Juan de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Giulia Galli
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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29
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von Rudorff GF, Jakobsen R, Rosso KM, Blumberger J. Hematite(001)-liquid water interface from hybrid density functional-based molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:394001. [PMID: 27464954 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/39/394001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The atom-scale characterisation of interfaces between transition metal oxides and liquid water is fundamental to our mechanistic understanding of diverse phenomena ranging from crystal growth to biogeochemical transformations to solar fuel production. Here we report on the results of large-scale hybrid density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations for the hematite(001)-liquid water interface. A specific focus is placed on understanding how different terminations of the same surface influence surface solvation. We find that the two dominant terminations for the hematite(001) surface exhibit strong differences both in terms of the active species formed on the surface and the strength of surface solvation. According to present simulations, we find that charged oxyanions (-O(-)) and doubly protonated oxygens (-OH[Formula: see text]) can be formed on the iron terminated layer via autoionization of neutral -OH groups. No such charged species are found for the oxygen terminated surface. In addition, the missing iron sublayer in the iron terminated surface strongly influences the solvation structure, which becomes less well ordered in the vicinity of the interface. These pronounced differences are likely to affect the reactivity of the two surface terminations, and in particular the energetics of excess charge carriers at the surface.
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Spencer J, Gajdos F, Blumberger J. FOB-SH: Fragment orbital-based surface hopping for charge carrier transport in organic and biological molecules and materials. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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31
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Schober C, Reuter K, Oberhofer H. Critical analysis of fragment-orbital DFT schemes for the calculation of electronic coupling values. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:054103. [PMID: 26851904 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a critical analysis of the popular fragment-orbital density-functional theory (FO-DFT) scheme for the calculation of electronic coupling values. We discuss the characteristics of different possible formulations or "flavors" of the scheme which differ by the number of electrons in the calculation of the fragments and the construction of the Hamiltonian. In addition to two previously described variants based on neutral fragments, we present a third version taking a different route to the approximate diabatic state by explicitly considering charged fragments. In applying these FO-DFT flavors to the two molecular test sets HAB7 (electron transfer) and HAB11 (hole transfer), we find that our new scheme gives improved electronic couplings for HAB7 (-6.2% decrease in mean relative signed error) and greatly improved electronic couplings for HAB11 (-15.3% decrease in mean relative signed error). A systematic investigation of the influence of exact exchange on the electronic coupling values shows that the use of hybrid functionals in FO-DFT calculations improves the electronic couplings, giving values close to or even better than more sophisticated constrained DFT calculations. Comparing the accuracy and computational cost of each variant, we devise simple rules to choose the best possible flavor depending on the task. For accuracy, our new scheme with charged-fragment calculations performs best, while numerically more efficient at reasonable accuracy is the variant with neutral fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schober
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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32
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Spencer J, Scalfi L, Carof A, Blumberger J. Confronting surface hopping molecular dynamics with Marcus theory for a molecular donor–acceptor system. Faraday Discuss 2016; 195:215-236. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00107f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the performance of fewest switches surface hopping (SH) in describing electron transfer (ET) for a molecular donor–acceptor system. Computer simulations are carried out for a wide range of reorganisation energy (λ), electronic coupling strength (Hab) and driving force using our recently developed fragment orbital-based SH approach augmented with a simple decoherence correction. This methodology allows us to compute SH ET rates over more than four orders of magnitude, from the sub-picosecond to the nanosecond time regime. We find good agreement with semi-classical ET theory in the non-adiabatic ET regime. The correct scaling of the SH ET rate with electronic coupling strength is obtained and the Marcus inverted regime is reproduced, in line with previously reported results for a spin-boson model. Yet, we find that the SH ET rate falls below the semi-classical ET rate in the adiabatic regime, where the free energy barrier is in the order of kBT in our simulations. We explain this by first signatures of non-exponential population decay of the initial charge state. For even larger electronic couplings (Hab = λ/2), the free energy barrier vanishes and ET rates are no longer defined. At this point we observe a crossover from ET on the vibronic time scale to charge relaxation on the femtosecond time scale that is well described by thermally averaged Rabi oscillations. The extension of the analysis from the non-adiabatic limit to large electronic couplings and small or even vanishing activation barriers is relevant for our understanding of charge transport in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Spencer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Laura Scalfi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Antoine Carof
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
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33
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Blumberger J. Recent Advances in the Theory and Molecular Simulation of Biological Electron Transfer Reactions. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11191-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Kubas A, Gajdos F, Heck A, Oberhofer H, Elstner M, Blumberger J. Electronic couplings for molecular charge transfer: benchmarking CDFT, FODFT and FODFTB against high-level ab initio calculations. II. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14342-54. [PMID: 25573447 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04749d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A new database (HAB7-) of electronic coupling matrix elements (Hab) for electron transfer in seven medium-sized negatively charged π-conjugated organic dimers is introduced. Reference data are obtained with spin-component scaled approximate coupled cluster method (SCS-CC2) and large basis sets. Assessed DFT-based approaches include constrained density functional theory (CDFT), fragment-orbital DFT (FODFT), self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (FODFTB) and the recently described analytic overlap method (AOM). This complements the previously reported HAB11 database where only cationic dimers were considered. The CDFT method in combination with a functional based on PBE and including 50% of exact exchange (HFX) was found to provide best estimates, with a mean relative unsigned error (MRUE) of 8.2%. CDFT couplings systematically increase with decreasing fraction of HFX as a consequence of increasing delocalisation of the SOMO orbital. The FODFT method is found to be very robust underestimating electronic couplings by 28%. The FODFTB and AOM methods, although orders of magnitude more efficient in terms of computational effort than the DFT approaches, perform well with reasonably small errors of 54% and 29%, respectively, translating in errors in the non-adiabatic electron transfer rate of a factor of 2.4 and 1.7, respectively. We discuss carefully various sources of errors and the scope and limitations of all assessed methods taking into account the results obtained for both HAB7- and HAB11 databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kubas
- University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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35
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MgO nanobelt-modified graphene-tantalum wire electrode for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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36
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Kweon KE, Hwang GS, Kim J, Kim S, Kim S. Electron small polarons and their transport in bismuth vanadate: a first principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:256-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid density functional calculations demonstrate small polaron formation in electron-doped BiVO4, and predict the polaron hopping barrier to increase with lattice constant and also the possible concentration-dependence of electron mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung E. Kweon
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Gyeong S. Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Jinhan Kim
- CAS Center
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)
- Yongin 449-712
- South Korea
| | - Sungjin Kim
- CAS Center
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)
- Yongin 449-712
- South Korea
| | - SeongMin Kim
- CAS Center
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)
- Yongin 449-712
- South Korea
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37
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Kubas A, Hoffmann F, Heck A, Oberhofer H, Elstner M, Blumberger J. Electronic couplings for molecular charge transfer: benchmarking CDFT, FODFT, and FODFTB against high-level ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:104105. [PMID: 24628150 DOI: 10.1063/1.4867077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a database (HAB11) of electronic coupling matrix elements (H(ab)) for electron transfer in 11 π-conjugated organic homo-dimer cations. High-level ab inito calculations at the multireference configuration interaction MRCI+Q level of theory, n-electron valence state perturbation theory NEVPT2, and (spin-component scaled) approximate coupled cluster model (SCS)-CC2 are reported for this database to assess the performance of three DFT methods of decreasing computational cost, including constrained density functional theory (CDFT), fragment-orbital DFT (FODFT), and self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (FODFTB). We find that the CDFT approach in combination with a modified PBE functional containing 50% Hartree-Fock exchange gives best results for absolute H(ab) values (mean relative unsigned error = 5.3%) and exponential distance decay constants β (4.3%). CDFT in combination with pure PBE overestimates couplings by 38.7% due to a too diffuse excess charge distribution, whereas the economic FODFT and highly cost-effective FODFTB methods underestimate couplings by 37.6% and 42.4%, respectively, due to neglect of interaction between donor and acceptor. The errors are systematic, however, and can be significantly reduced by applying a uniform scaling factor for each method. Applications to dimers outside the database, specifically rotated thiophene dimers and larger acenes up to pentacene, suggests that the same scaling procedure significantly improves the FODFT and FODFTB results for larger π-conjugated systems relevant to organic semiconductors and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kubas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Hoffmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Heck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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38
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Zhang YM, Wang X, Zhang W, Li W, Yang B, Li M, Zhang SXA. Cross polarization effect of donor-acceptor group on a potential single-molecule transistor. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mo. Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Minjie Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
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39
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Gajdos F, Valner S, Hoffmann F, Spencer J, Breuer M, Kubas A, Dupuis M, Blumberger J. Ultrafast Estimation of Electronic Couplings for Electron Transfer between π-Conjugated Organic Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:4653-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500527v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Gajdos
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Siim Valner
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Felix Hoffmann
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse
150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacob Spencer
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Marian Breuer
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Adam Kubas
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Michel Dupuis
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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40
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Migliore A, Polizzi NF, Therien M, Beratan DN. Biochemistry and theory of proton-coupled electron transfer. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3381-465. [PMID: 24684625 PMCID: PMC4317057 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Migliore
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Polizzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael
J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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41
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Futera Z, Sodeyama K, Burda JV, Einaga Y, Tateyama Y. A double-QM/MM method for investigating donor–acceptor electron-transfer reactions in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19530-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A double-QM/MM method can explore the distant-dependent phenomena of outer-sphere electron transfer processes. This method allows easy control of donor–acceptor spin-charge densities within the full-reaction scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Futera
- Keio University
- Kohoku-ku, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sodeyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries
- Kyoto University
| | - Jaroslav V. Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Charles University
- 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Keio University
- Kohoku-ku, Japan
- CREST
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- Saitama 333-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- CREST
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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