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Pennycook TJ, Yang H, Jones L, Cabero M, Rivera-Calzada A, Leon C, Varela M, Santamaria J, Nellist PD. 3D elemental mapping with nanometer scale depth resolution via electron optical sectioning. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 174:27-34. [PMID: 28012372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electron energy loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope has long been used to perform elemental mapping but has not previously exhibited depth sensitivity. The key to depth resolution with optical sectioning is the transfer of sufficiently high lateral spatial frequencies. By performing spectrum imaging with atomic resolution we achieve nanometer scale depth resolution, enabling us to optically section an oxide heterostructure spectroscopically. Such 3D elemental mapping is sensitive to atomic scale changes in structure and composition and is more interpretable than Z-contrast imaging alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Pennycook
- EPSRC SuperSTEM Facility, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Lewys Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Mariona Cabero
- Grupo de Fisica de Materiales Complejos, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Leon
- Grupo de Fisica de Materiales Complejos, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Varela
- Grupo de Fisica de Materiales Complejos, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jacobo Santamaria
- Grupo de Fisica de Materiales Complejos, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter D Nellist
- EPSRC SuperSTEM Facility, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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Bachman JC, Muy S, Grimaud A, Chang HH, Pour N, Lux SF, Paschos O, Maglia F, Lupart S, Lamp P, Giordano L, Shao-Horn Y. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction. Chem Rev 2015; 116:140-62. [PMID: 26713396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review is focused on ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid-state electrolytes to be used in electrochemical energy-storage systems. Properties of the migrating species significantly affecting diffusion, including the valency and ionic radius, are discussed. The natures of the ligand and metal composing the skeleton of the host framework are analyzed and shown to have large impacts on the performance of solid-state electrolytes. A comprehensive identification of the candidate migrating species and structures is carried out. Not only the bulk properties of the conductors are explored, but the concept of tuning the conductivity through interfacial effects-specifically controlling grain boundaries and strain at the interfaces-is introduced. High-frequency dielectric constants and frequencies of low-energy optical phonons are shown as examples of properties that correlate with activation energy across many classes of ionic conductors. Experimental studies and theoretical results are discussed in parallel to give a pathway for further improvement of solid-state electrolytes. Through this discussion, the present Review aims to provide insight into the physical parameters affecting the diffusion process, to allow for more efficient and target-oriented research on improving solid-state ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon F Lux
- BMW Group Technology Office USA , Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | | | - Filippo Maglia
- Research Battery Technology, BMW Group , Munich 80788, Germany
| | - Saskia Lupart
- Research Battery Technology, BMW Group , Munich 80788, Germany
| | - Peter Lamp
- Research Battery Technology, BMW Group , Munich 80788, Germany
| | - Livia Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , 20126 Milano, Italy
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Oka M, Kamisaka H, Fukumura T, Hasegawa T. DFT-based ab initio MD simulation of the ionic conduction in doped ZrO2 systems under epitaxial strain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29057-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Valence distribution and trajectory of oxygen ions in calculated stable structures, which imply oxygen sublattice formation induced by strain and further deformation by oxygen vacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Oka
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - H. Kamisaka
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - T. Fukumura
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - T. Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
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