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Medvedkov IA, Nikolayev AA, Yang Z, Goettl SJ, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Elucidating the chemical dynamics of the elementary reactions of the 1-propynyl radical (CH 3CC; X 2A 1) with 2-methylpropene ((CH 3) 2CCH 2; X 1A 1). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6448-6457. [PMID: 38319693 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Exploiting the crossed molecular beam technique, we studied the reaction of the 1-propynyl radical (CH3CC; X2A1) with 2-methylpropene (isobutylene; (CH3)2CCH2; X1A1) at a collision energy of 38 ± 3 kJ mol-1. The experimental results along with ab initio and statistical calculations revealed that the reaction has no entrance barrier and proceeds via indirect scattering dynamics involving C7H11 intermediates with lifetimes longer than their rotation period(s). The reaction is initiated by the addition of the 1-propynyl radical with its radical center to the π-electron density at the C1 and/or C2 position in 2-methylpropene. Further, the C7H11 intermediate formed from the C1 addition either emits atomic hydrogen or undergoes isomerization via [1,2-H] shift from the CH3 or CH2 group prior to atomic hydrogen loss preferentially leading to 1,2,4-trimethylvinylacetylene (2-methylhex-2-en-4-yne) as the dominant product. The molecular structures of the collisional complexes promote hydrogen atom loss channels. RRKM results show that hydrogen elimination channels dominate in this reaction, with a branching ratio exceeding 70%. Since the reaction of the 1-propynyl radical with 2-methylpropene has no entrance barrier, is exoergic, and all transition states involved are located below the energy of the separated reactants, bimolecular collisions are feasible to form trimethylsubstituted 1,3-enyne (p1) via a single collision event even at temperatures as low as 10 K prevailing in cold molecular clouds such as G+0.693. The formation of trimethylsubstituted vinylacetylene could serve as the starting point of fundamental molecular mass growth processes leading to di- and trimethylsubstituted naphthalenes via the HAVA mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakov A Medvedkov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | | | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Shane J Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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2
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Li JQ, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Preparation of 1-Germavinylidene (H 2CGe; X 1A 1), the Isovalent Counterpart of Vinylidene (H 2CC; X 1A 1), via Non-adiabatic Dynamics through the Elementary Reaction of Ground State Atomic Carbon (C; 3P) with Germane (GeH 4; X 1A 1). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:430-436. [PMID: 36622768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Germavinylidene (H2CGe; X1A1), the germanium analogue of vinylidene (H2CC; X1A1), was prepared via a directed gas-phase synthesis through the bimolecular reaction of ground state atomic carbon (C; 3P) with germane (GeH4; X1A1) under single-collision conditions. The reaction commences with the barrierless insertion of carbon into the Ge-H bond followed by intersystem crossing from the triplet to singlet surface and migration of atomic hydrogen to germylene (H2GeCH2), which predominantly decomposes via molecular hydrogen loss to 1-germavinylidene (H2CGe; X1A1). Therefore, the replacement of a single carbon atom in the acetylene-vinylidene system by germanium critically impacts the chemical bonding, molecular structure, and thermodynamic stability of the carbene-type structures favoring 1-germavinylidene (H2CGe) over germyne (HGeCH) by 160 kJ mol-1. Hence, the carbon-germane system represents a benchmark in the exploration of the chemistries of main group 14 elements with germanium-bearing systems showing few similarities with the isovalent carbon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Bing-Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jin-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Agnes H H Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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3
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Schulz A, Surkau J. Main group cyanides: from hydrogen cyanide to cyanido-complexes. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homoleptic cyanide compounds exist of almost all main group elements. While the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form cyanide salts, the cyanides of the lighter main group elements occur mainly as covalent compounds. This review gives an overview of the status quo of main group element cyanides and cyanido complexes. Information about syntheses are included as well as applications, special substance properties, bond lengths, spectroscopic characteristics and computations. Cyanide chemistry is presented mainly from the field of inorganic chemistry, but aspects of chemical biology and astrophysics are also discussed in relation to cyano compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulz
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
| | - Jonas Surkau
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
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4
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He C, Fujioka K, Nikolayev AA, Zhao L, Doddipatla S, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Sun R, Kaiser RI. A chemical dynamics study of the reaction of the methylidyne radical (CH, X 2Π) with dimethylacetylene (CH 3CCCH 3, X 1A 1g). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:578-593. [PMID: 34908056 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase reaction of the methylidyne (CH; X2Π) radical with dimethylacetylene (CH3CCCH3; X1A1g) was studied at a collision energy of 20.6 kJ mol-1 under single collision conditions with experimental results merged with ab initio calculations of the potential energy surface (PES) and ab initio molecule dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The crossed molecular beam experiment reveals that the reaction proceeds barrierless via indirect scattering dynamics through long-lived C5H7 reaction intermediate(s) ultimately dissociating to C5H6 isomers along with atomic hydrogen with atomic hydrogen predominantly released from the methyl groups as verified by replacing the methylidyne with the D1-methylidyne reactant. AIMD simulations reveal that the reaction dynamics are statistical leading predominantly to p28 (1-methyl-3-methylenecyclopropene, 13%) and p8 (1-penten-3-yne, 81%) plus atomic hydrogen with a significant amount of available energy being channeled into the internal excitation of the polyatomic reaction products. The dynamics are controlled by addition to the carbon-carbon triple bond with the reaction intermediates eventually eliminating a hydrogen atom from the methyl groups of the dimethylacetylene reactant forming 1-methyl-3-methylenecyclopropene (p28). The dominating pathways reveal an unexpected insertion of methylidyne into one of the six carbon-hydrogen single bonds of the methyl groups of dimethylacetylene leading to the acyclic intermediate, which then decomposes to 1-penten-3-yne (p8). Therefore, the methyl groups of dimethylacetylene effectively 'screen' the carbon-carbon triple bond from being attacked by addition thus directing the dynamics to an insertion process as seen exclusively in the reaction of methylidyne with ethane (C2H6) forming propylene (CH3C2H3). Therefore, driven by the screening of the triple bond, one propynyl moiety (CH3CC) acts in four out of five trajectories as a spectator thus driving an unexpected, but dominating chemistry in analogy to the methylidyne - ethane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Kazuumi Fujioka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Anatoliy A Nikolayev
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara 443011, Russia.,Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russia
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara 443011, Russia.,Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russia
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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5
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Volosatova AD, Lukianova MA, Zasimov PV, Feldman VI. Direct evidence for a radiation-induced synthesis of acetonitrile and isoacetonitrile from a 1 : 1 CH 4HCN complex at cryogenic temperatures: is it a missing link between inorganic and prebiotic astrochemistry? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18449-18460. [PMID: 34612385 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitriles are important constituents of extraterrestrial media. Nitriles are supposed to play a crucial role in prebiotic chemistry occurring in the interstellar medium. In this work, we have investigated the low-temperature radiation-induced transformations of a 1 : 1 CH4HCN complex as a plausible precursor of the simplest nitriles using the matrix isolation approach with FTIR spectroscopic detection. The parent complexes isolated in a noble gas (Ng) matrix were obtained by deposition of the CH4/HCN/Ng gaseous mixture and characterized by comparison of experimental complexation-induced shifts of the HCN fundamentals with the results of the ab initio calculations. It was found that the X-ray irradiation of low-temperature matrices containing the isolated 1 : 1 CH4HCN complex resulted in the formation of acetonitrile (CH3CN) and isoacetonitrile (CH3NC) and it appears to be the first experimental evidence for the formation of C2 nitriles (acetonitrile and isoacetonitrile) from such a "building block". Additionally, a 1 : 1 CH4HNC complex was tentatively assigned to the irradiated Ar and Kr matrices. It is demonstrated that the matrix has a strong effect on the CH3CN/CH3NC yield ratio, which dramatically increases in the row Ar < Kr < Xe. Also, the efficiency of the radiation-induced formation of the CH4HNC complex was shown to decrease from Ar to Kr. It is believed that the proposed pathway for acetonitrile formation may be a significant step in the radiation-induced evolution leading to complex organic molecules and biomolecules under astrochemical conditions. Furthermore, the obtained results provide a prominent example of the impact of very weak intermolecular interactions on the radiation-induced transformations in cold media.
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6
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Goettl SJ, Yang Z, Doddipatla S, He C, Alves MO, Galvão BRL, Kaiser RI. A Crossed Molecular Beams and Computational Study of the Formation of the Astronomically Elusive Thiosilaformyl Radical (HSiS, X 2A'). J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5979-5986. [PMID: 34161096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation pathways to silicon- and sulfur-containing molecules are crucial to the understanding of silicon-sulfur chemistry in interstellar and circumstellar environments. While multiple silicon- and sulfur-containing species have been observed in deep space, their fundamental formation mechanisms are largely unknown. The crossed molecular beams technique combined with electronic structure and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) calculations was utilized to study the bimolecular reaction of atomic silicon (Si(3Pj)) with thiomethanol (CH3SH, X1A') leading to the thiosilaformyl radical (HSiS, X2A') via an exclusive methyl radical (CH3, X2A2″) loss via indirect scattering dynamics which involves barrierless addition and hydrogen migration in an overall exoergic reaction, indicating the possibility that HSiS can form in cold molecular clouds. The astronomically elusive thiosilaformyl radical may act as a tracer of an exotic silicon-sulfur chemistry to be deciphered toward, for example, the star-forming region SgrB2, thus leading to a better understanding of the formation of silicon-sulfur bonds in deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Márcio O Alves
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Av. Amazonas 5253, 30421-169 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno R L Galvão
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Av. Amazonas 5253, 30421-169 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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7
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Lam CS, Lau KC. Thermochemical Trends in Carbon Chain Molecules HC 2kH/HC 2k-1H ( k = 1-6) Studied by Explicitly Correlated CCSD(T)-F12b Composite Methods. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5385-5396. [PMID: 34121392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a composite procedure based on explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 calculations for accurate energetic predictions for carbon chain molecules HCnH encompassing both the even (HC2kH) and odd series (HC2k-1H), with the shorter members playing a key role in the evolution of cosmic carbon compounds in both circumstellar envelopes and interstellar medium. This approach considers the contributions of core-valence correlation, scalar relativistic effect, spin-orbit coupling, and zero-point vibrational energy in an additive manner. The computed ionization energies demonstrate outstanding agreement (±0.07 eV) up to a chain size of k = 6 and the literature heats of formation for k ≤ 2 are reproduced with "chemical accuracy" of 1 kcal mol-1. Among the various corrections included, the importance of core-valence correlation effect has been highlighted in the thermochemical calculations for carbon chain growth. The thermochemical trend toward infinite length is also highlighted by extrapolation of ionization energy and triplet-singlet splitting at the CCSD(T) level for k up to 15. The correlation between the end-group effect and the even-odd parity effect observed for HCnH chains has been established with the aid of intrinsic bond orbital localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Shing Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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8
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Chin CH, Zhu T, Zhang JZH. Cyclopentadienyl radical formation from the reaction of excited nitrogen atoms with benzene: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12408-12420. [PMID: 34027937 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//ωB97X-D/6-311+G(d,p) calculations of the C6H6N potential energy surface were performed to investigate the reaction mechanism underlying the reaction of atomic nitrogen (2D) with benzene. Thereafter, Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) calculations of reaction rate constants and product branching ratios were performed under single-collision conditions. The results revealed that the N(2D) + C6H6 reaction in the case of statistical behavior is expected to produce hydrogen cyanide plus a cyclopentadienyl radical (91.5-88.9%), acetylene plus a pyrrole radical (5.8-7.5%), 1-cyano-2,4-cyclopentadiene + H (2.3-3.0%) and 1-ethynyl-pyrrole + H (0.4-0.6%), with the most favorable pathways being the initial adduct i1 leading to the formation of a seven-membered cyclic intermediate i12 through an exothermic ring expansion process and a multistep route i12 → i15 → i16 → C5H5 + HCN featuring an intramolecular ring-shrinking process involving a C-C bond fusion elimination channel to yield the bicyclic intermediate i15, followed by hydrogen cyanide elimination, thus forming a cyclopentadienyl radical. The calculated product branching ratios were consistent with the available experimental data; however, some quantitative deviations from the experimental results and the possible reasons are also discussed. The possible effects of the title reaction on the upper atmosphere of Titan, with critical implications for the rapid degradation of nitrogen-bearing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were compared with the mass growth processes of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon counterparts produced through ring expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. and NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. and NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - John Zeng Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. and NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China. and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA
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9
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He C, Yang Z, Doddipatla S, Zhao L, Goettl S, Kaiser RI, Silva MX, Galvão BRL. Non-Adiabatic Reaction Dynamics in the Gas-Phase Formation of Phosphinidenesilylene, the Isovalent Counterpart of Hydrogen Isocyanide, under Single-Collision Conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2489-2495. [PMID: 33666441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phosphinidenesilylene (HPSi; X1A') molecule was prepared via a directed gas-phase synthesis in the bimolecular reaction of ground-state atomic silicon (Si; 3P) with phosphine (PH3; X1A1) under single-collision conditions. The chemical dynamics are initiated on the triplet surface via addition of a silicon atom to the non-bonding electron pair of phosphine, followed by non-adiabatic dynamics and surface hopping to the singlet manifold, accompanied by isomerization via atomic hydrogen shift and decomposition to phosphinidenesilylene (HPSi, X1A') along with molecular hydrogen. Statistical calculations predict that silylidynephosphine (HSiP, X1Σ+) is also formed, albeit with lower yields. The barrier-less route to phosphinidenesilylene opens up a multipurpose mechanism to access the hitherto obscure class of phosphasilenylidenes through silicon-phosphorus coupling via reactions of atomic silicon with alkylphosphines under single-collision conditions in the absence of successive reactions of the reaction products, which are not feasible to prepare by traditional synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Shane Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mateus Xavier Silva
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Av. Amazonas 5253, 30421-169 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno R L Galvão
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Av. Amazonas 5253, 30421-169 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Nag P, Čurík R, Tarana M, Polášek M, Ehara M, Sommerfeld T, Fedor J. Resonant states in cyanogen NCCN. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23141-23147. [PMID: 33025990 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In a combined experimental and theoretical study we probe the transient anion states (resonances) in cyanogen. Experimentally, we utilize electron energy loss spectroscopy which reveals the resonance positions by monitoring the excitation functions for vibrationally inelastic electron scattering. Four resonances are visible in the spectra, centered around 0.36 eV, 4.1, 5.3 and 7.3 eV. Theoretically, we explore the resonant states by using the regularized analytical continuation method. A very good agreement with the experiment is obtained for low-lying resonances, however, the computational method becomes unstable for higher-lying states. The lowest shape resonance (2Πu) is independently explored by the complex adsorbing potential method. In the experiment, this resonance is manifested by a pronounced boomerang structure. We show that the naive picture of viewing NCCN as a pseudodihalogen and focusing only on the CC stretch is invalid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamir Nag
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Li Y, Song W, Jiang N, Zhang Z, Xie M, Hu Y. Structural rearrangement of the acrylonitrile (AN) cluster in the gas phase under VUV one-photon radiation explored by mass-selected infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 226:117620. [PMID: 31610467 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (AN), one of the most abundant nitriles in space, is considered to closely relate to the formation of interstellar prebiotic nitrogen-containing aromatics. Herein, we measured the vibrational spectra of acrylonitrile cluster cations (AN)2,3+ in a supersonic jet using infrared (IR) dissociation with vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Interestingly, the observed IR spectra demonstrate that a new molecular ion [Formula: see text] , is generated from the dimer and trimer of AN upon VUV single-photo ionization. Calculation results reveal that the new molecular cations can be generated through a relative low energy barrier after ionization of the neutral (AN)2. However, the reaction pathways are barrierless for the trimer, in which the third solvent AN acts as a catalyst. The mechanisms of those reactions also have been discussed in detail. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of ion-molecule reaction in gas-phase and the quest for the formation of prebiotic N -containing molecules in the outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Wentao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Ningjing Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Zhaoli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Min Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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12
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Li H, Suits AG. Universal crossed beam imaging studies of polyatomic reaction dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11126-11138. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crossed-beam imaging studies of polyatomic reactions show surprising dynamics not anticipated by extrapolation from smaller model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
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13
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He C, Zhao L, Thomas AM, Morozov AN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Elucidating the Chemical Dynamics of the Elementary Reactions of the 1-Propynyl Radical (CH3CC; X2A1) with Methylacetylene (H3CCCH; X1A1) and Allene (H2CCCH2; X1A1). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5446-5462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Aaron M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Alexander N. Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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14
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Li H, Kamasah A, Suits AG. Imaging H abstraction dynamics in crossed molecular beams: O(3P) + propanol isomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14186-14194. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06351f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct rebound dynamics are revealed for bimolecular reaction of the ground state O(3P) atom with propanol isomers, involving the post transition state long-range dipole–dipole interaction between the dipolar OH and hydroxypropyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri Columbia
- MO 65211
- USA
| | | | - Arthur G. Suits
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri Columbia
- MO 65211
- USA
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15
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Bertels LW, Head-Gordon M. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Formation of the 2-Methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene Molecule via the Crossed Beam Reactions of the Silylidyne Radical (SiH; X(2)Π) with Methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X(1)A1) and D4-Methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X(1)A1). J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4872-83. [PMID: 26837568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bimolecular gas-phase reactions of the ground-state silylidyne radical (SiH; X(2)Π) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X(1)A1) and D4-methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X(1)A1) were explored at collision energies of 30 kJ mol(-1) under single-collision conditions exploiting the crossed molecular beam technique and complemented by electronic structure calculations. These studies reveal that the reactions follow indirect scattering dynamics, have no entrance barriers, and are initiated by the addition of the silylidyne radical to the carbon-carbon triple bond of the methylacetylene molecule either to one carbon atom (C1; [i1]/[i2]) or to both carbon atoms concurrently (C1-C2; [i3]). The collision complexes [i1]/[i2] eventually isomerize via ring-closure to the c-SiC3H5 doublet radical intermediate [i3], which is identified as the decomposing reaction intermediate. The hydrogen atom is emitted almost perpendicularly to the rotational plane of the fragmenting complex resulting in a sideways scattering dynamics with the reaction being overall exoergic by -12 ± 11 kJ mol(-1) (experimental) and -1 ± 3 kJ mol(-1) (computational) to form the cyclic 2-methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene molecule (c-SiC3H4; p1). In line with computational data, experiments of silylidyne with D4-methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X(1)A1) depict that the hydrogen is emitted solely from the silylidyne moiety but not from methylacetylene. The dynamics are compared to those of the related D1-silylidyne (SiD; X(2)Π)-acetylene (HCCH; X(1)Σg(+)) reaction studied previously in our group, and from there, we discovered that the methyl group acts primarily as a spectator in the title reaction. The formation of 2-methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene under single-collision conditions via a bimolecular gas-phase reaction augments our knowledge of the hitherto poorly understood silylidyne (SiH; X(2)Π) radical reactions with small hydrocarbon molecules leading to the synthesis of organosilicon molecules in cold molecular clouds and in carbon-rich circumstellar envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Beni B Dangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Luke W Bertels
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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16
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Zhao B, Deng J. Emulsion Polymerization of Acetylenics for Constructing Optically Active Helical Polymer Nanoparticles. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2015.1136642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Zeng T, Danovich D, Shaik S, Ananth N, Hoffmann R. Tuning the Ground State Symmetry of Acetylenyl Radicals. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:270-278. [PMID: 27162981 PMCID: PMC4827494 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The lowest excited state of the acetylenyl radical, HCC, is a (2)Π state, only 0.46 eV above the ground state, (2)Σ(+). The promotion of an electron from a π bond pair to a singly occupied σ hybrid orbital is all that is involved, and so we set out to tune those orbital energies, and with them the relative energetics of (2)Π and (2)Σ(+) states. A strategy of varying ligand electronegativity, employed in a previous study on substituted carbynes, RC, was useful, but proved more difficult to apply for substituted acetylenyl radicals, RCC. However, π-donor/acceptor substitution is effective in modifying the state energies. We are able to design molecules with (2)Π ground states (NaOCC, H2NCC ((2)A″), HCSi, FCSi, etc.) and vary the (2)Σ(+)-(2)Π energy gap over a 4 eV range. We find an inconsistency between bond order and bond dissociation energy measures of the bond strength in the Si-containing molecules; we provide an explanation through an analysis of the relevant potential energy curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - David Danovich
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
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18
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Casavecchia P, Leonori F, Balucani N. Reaction dynamics of oxygen atoms with unsaturated hydrocarbons from crossed molecular beam studies: primary products, branching ratios and role of intersystem crossing. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2015.1039293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Koziol L, Goldman N. PREBIOTIC HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS IN IMPACTING REDUCED ASTROPHYSICAL ICY MIXTURES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/803/2/91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Maity S, Dangi BB, Parker DSN, Kaiser RI, Lin HM, E HP, Sun BJ, Chang AHH. Combined crossed molecular beam and ab initio investigation of the reaction of boron monoxide (BO; X(2)Σ(+)) with 1,3-butadiene (CH2CHCHCH2; X(1)Ag) and its deuterated counterparts. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1094-107. [PMID: 25626151 DOI: 10.1021/jp511715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the boron monoxide ((11)BO; X(2)Σ(+)) radical with 1,3-butadiene (CH2CHCHCH2; X(1)Ag) and its partially deuterated counterparts, 1,3-butadiene-d2 (CH2CDCDCH2; X(1)Ag) and 1,3-butadiene-d4 (CD2CHCHCD2; X(1)Ag), were investigated under single collision conditions exploiting a crossed molecular beams machine. The experimental data were combined with the state-of-the-art ab initio electronic structure calculations and statistical RRKM calculations to investigate the underlying chemical reaction dynamics and reaction mechanisms computationally. Our investigations revealed that the reaction followed indirect scattering dynamics through the formation of (11)BOC4H6 doublet radical intermediates via the barrierless addition of the (11)BO radical to the terminal carbon atom (C1/C4) and/or the central carbon atom (C2/C3) of 1,3-butadiene. The resulting long-lived (11)BOC4H6 intermediate(s) underwent isomerization and/or unimolecular decomposition involving eventually at least two distinct atomic hydrogen loss pathways to 1,3-butadienyl-1-oxoboranes (CH2CHCHCH(11)BO) and 1,3-butadienyl-2-oxoboranes (CH2C ((11)BO)CHCH2) in overall exoergic reactions via tight exit transition states. Utilizing partially deuterated 1,3-butadiene-d2 and -d4, we revealed that the hydrogen loss from the methylene moiety (CH2) dominated with 70 ± 10% compared to an atomic hydrogen loss from the methylidyne group (CH) of only 30 ± 10%; these data agree nicely with the theoretically predicted branching ratio of 80% versus 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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21
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Kirk BB, Savee JD, Trevitt AJ, Osborn DL, Wilson KR. Molecular weight growth in Titan's atmosphere: branching pathways for the reaction of 1-propynyl radical (H3CCC˙) with small alkenes and alkynes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02589c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 1-propynyl radical with propyne and propene yields primarily methyl loss over hydrogen elimination. The implications of this result on molecular weight growth in Titan's atmosphere are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Kirk
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - John D. Savee
- Combustion Research Facility
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Livermore
- USA
| | | | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Livermore
- USA
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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22
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Peng Z, Carrasco N, Pernot P. Modeling of synchrotron-based laboratory simulations of Titan’s ionospheric photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.grj.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Parker DSN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. The role of isovalency in the reactions of the cyano (CN), boron monoxide (BO), silicon nitride (SiN), and ethynyl (C2H) radicals with unsaturated hydrocarbons acetylene (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4). Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2701-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60328h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The classification of chemical reactions based on shared characteristics is at the heart of the chemical sciences, and is well exemplified by Langmuir's concept of isovalency, in which ‘two molecular entities with the same number of valence electrons have similar chemistries’.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S. N. Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - A. M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami, USA
| | - R. I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
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24
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Li W, Huang H, Li Y, Deng J. Particles of polyacetylene and its derivatives: preparation and applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01031g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Kerisit N, Toupet L, Trolez Y, Guillemin JC. Methylcyanobutadiyne: Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Photochemistry; Towards an Explanation of Its Formation in the Interstellar Medium. Chemistry 2013; 19:17683-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Abstract
We present results of prebiotic organic synthesis in shock compressed mixtures of simple ices from quantum molecular dynamics (MD) simulations extended to close to equilibrium time scales. Given the likelihood of an inhospitable prebiotic atmosphere on early Earth, it is possible that impact processes of comets or other icy bodies were a source of prebiotic chemical compounds on the primitive planet. We observe that moderate shock pressures and temperatures within a CO2-rich icy mixture (36 GPa and 2800 K) produce a number of nitrogen containing heterocycles, which dissociate to form functionalized aromatic hydrocarbons upon expansion and cooling to ambient conditions. In contrast, higher shock conditions (48-60 GPa, 3700-4800 K) resulted in the synthesis of long carbon-chain molecules, CH4, and formaldehyde. All shock compression simulations at these conditions have produced significant quantities of simple C-N bonded compounds such as HCN, HNC, and HNCO upon expansion and cooling to ambient conditions. Our results elucidate a mechanism for impact synthesis of prebiotic molecules at realistic impact conditions that is independent of external constraints such as the presence of a catalyst, illuminating UV radiation, or pre-existing conditions on a planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
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27
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Jamal A, Mebel AM. Theoretical Investigation of the Mechanism and Product Branching Ratios of the Reactions of Cyano Radical with 1- and 2-Butyne and 1,2-Butadiene. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:741-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3091045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Jamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Florida 33199, United
States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Florida 33199, United
States
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