Nanoporous Metal Phosphonate Hybrid Materials as a Novel Platform for Emerging Applications: A Critical Review

Nanoporous metal phosphonates are propelling the rapid development of emerging energy storage, catalysis, environmental intervention, and biology, the performances of which touch many fundamental aspects of portable electronics, convenient transportation, and sustainable energy conversion systems. Recent years have witnessed tremendous research breakthroughs in these fields in terms of the fascinating pore properties, the structural periodicity, and versatile skeletons of porous metal phosphonates. This review presents recent milestones of porous metal phosphonate research, from the diversified synthesis strategies for controllable pore structures, to several important applications including adsorption and separation, energy conversion and storage, heterogeneous catalysis, membrane engineering, and biomaterials. Highlights of porous structure design for metal phosphonates are described throughout the review and the current challenges and perspectives for future research in this field are discussed at the end. The aim is to provide some guidance for the rational preparation of porous metal phosphonate materials and promote further applications to meet the urgent demands in emerging applications.

Synthesis and high formaldehyde sensing properties of quasi two-dimensional mesoporous ZnSnO3 nanomaterials

Quasi two-dimensional (2D) mesoporous ZnSnO3 nanomaterials (QTMZNS) were synthesized by a simple template-free hydrothermal method. The as-prepared products were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, TG/DTA, and FTIR. The results showed that the precursor was a mixture of Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 and ZnSnO3 in the hydrothermal process, and the high purity QTMZNS were obtained by calcination combined with subsequent washing of 20 wt% NH4Cl solutions. A possible growth process and mechanism of the quasi 2D mesoporous structure was proposed. Gas sensing properties of QTMZNS were investigated, and the QTMZNS-based sensors exhibited excellent gas sensing properties. When exposed to 100 ppm formaldehyde vapors, the response sensitivity is 45.8, and the concentration limit can reach as low as 0.2 ppm of formaldehyde. All these results are much better than those reported so far, which will have great potential applications for practical air quality monitoring.

Functionalized phosphonates as building units for multi-dimensional homo- and heterometallic 3d–4f inorganic–organic hybrid-materials

Using the multifunctional ligand H₄L (2,2′-bipyridinyl-5,5′-diphosphonic acid), a new family of 0D-3D inorganic–organic hybrid-materials was prepared and characterized by single crystal diffraction and magnetic measurements.

Alkaline-earth phosphonate MOFs with reversible hydration-dependent fluorescence

A new rigid tritopic phosphonic ligand, 2,4,6-tris(4-phosphonophenyl)pyridine (H6L), was synthesized and used to assemble isostructural barium (1) and strontium (2) phosphonate metal organic frameworks that exhibit fully reversible and selective water-dependent fluorescence red-shift at room temperature.

CO2 fixation at atmospheric pressure: porous ZnSnO3 nanocrystals as a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates

Self-assembled, ultra small, porous zinc stannate nanocrystals have been synthesized, which catalyzes the formation of cyclic carbonates from various epoxide and CO₂ under very mild reaction conditions.

Insights into mesoporous metal phosphonate hybrid materials for catalysis

Mesoporous metal phosphonates have received increasing attention as promising heterogeneous catalysts due to their abundant framework compositions and controllable porosity.

Mesoporous ZnAl2O4: an efficient adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from contaminated water

We report for the first time an efficient soft-templating strategy for the synthesis of mesoporous ZnAl₂O₄ using lauric acid as a template in an alkaline water–ethanol (50 : 50) medium, which showed excellent adsorption efficiency for the removal of arsenic from contaminated water.

Nitrogen enriched mesoporous organic polymer anchored copper(ii) material: an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of esters and amides from aromatic systems

New mesoporous polymer anchored copper acetate (Cu-mPMF) has been synthesized and well characterized. The catalytic performance of this complex has been tested for the synthesis of esters and amides.

A triazine-based porous organic polymer: a novel heterogeneous basic organocatalyst for facile one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromenes

A new triazine-based porous organic polymer has been synthesized through the polycondensation of cyanuric chloride and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and it is employed as a basic organocatalyst for one-pot three-component coupling reaction.

Mesoporous materials: versatile supports in heterogeneous catalysis for liquid phase catalytic transformations

This review article provides an overview of recently reported liquid phase heterogeneous catalytic reactions performed over mesoporous materials, along with their different synthesis strategies and critical role in environment-friendly green catalysis.

Phosphonic acid functionalized ordered mesoporous material: a new and ecofriendly catalyst for one-pot multicomponent Biginelli reaction under solvent-free conditions

We report a new ordered 2D hexagonal mesoporous organosilica material (PAFMS-1) bearing phosphonic acid functionality at the surface. This hybrid material showed high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (565 m(2) g(-1)) and ordered assembly of mesoporoes with an average pore diameter of ca. 2.1 nm. This novel hybrid mesoporous material has been synthesized via cocondensation of (triethoxysilyl)(propyliminomethyl)biphenylmethyl phosphoester (PEFOS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at 373 K. The phosphoester-functionalized organosilane (PEFOS) precursor has been synthesized for the first time by a simple SN2 reaction followed by Suzuki coupling and a Mannich reaction. The material has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption, and transmission electron microscopy image analysis, whereas the presence of organic moieties (an aromatic biphenyl ring and an aliphatic side chain), phosphrous, and silicon in the pore wall of the material have been characterized by solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR, X-ray photoelectron, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic tools. Further, the surface acid strength of the hybrid material has been determined by FT-IR analysis of the samples via temperature-programmed pyridine adsorption studies. The material has been utilized as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of biologically important and value added multifunctionalized 3,4-dihydropyridin-2-1H-(ones)/3,4-dihydropyridin-2-1H-(thiones) (DHPMs) through a multicomponent Biginelli condensation reaction under solvent-free conditions at 333 K. The phosphonic acid functionalized 2D hexagonal mesoporous material showed much higher catalytic activity in this multicomponent condensation reaction over sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica (MCM-41-SO3H) bearing an aliphatic chain in the hybrid framework.

Self-assembled ultra-small zinc stannate nanocrystals with mesoscopic voids via a salicylate templating pathway and their photocatalytic properties

Self-assembled ultra small zinc stannate nanocrystals with mesoscopic void spaces show high photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of Rhodamine B.

Mesoporous non-siliceous inorganic–organic hybrids: a promising platform for designing multifunctional materials

An overview of the recent progress in the designed synthesis, modification and multifunctional applications of mesoporous non-siliceous inorganic–organic hybrid materials including metal phosphonates, carboxylates and sulfonates is presented.

Mesoporous poly-melamine-formaldehyde stabilized palladium nanoparticle (Pd@mPMF) catalyzed mono and double carbonylation of aryl halides with amines

A new mesoporous polymer stabilized Pd nano (mPMF–Pd⁰) has been synthesized and well characterized. The catalytic performance of this complex has been tested for mono and double carbonylation of aryl halides with amines.

Metal phosphonate hybrid materials: from densely layered to hierarchically nanoporous structures

Inorganic–organic metal phosphonate hybrid materials with great diversity in structure and properties exhibit application potential in various fields.

Template-free synthesis of a porous organic-inorganic hybrid tin(IV) phosphonate and its high catalytic activity for esterification of free fatty acids

Here we have synthesized an organic-inorganic hybrid mesoporous tin phosphonate monolith (MLSnP-1) with crystalline pore walls by a template-free sol-gel route. N2 sorption analysis shows Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 347 m2 g(-1). Wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern shows few broad diffraction peaks indicating crystalline pore wall of the material. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR TEM) image further reveals the crystal fringes on the pore wall. Framework bonding and local environment around phosphorus and carbon were examined by Fourier transform infrared (FT IR) spectroscopy and solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy. The material exhibits remarkable catalytic activity for esterification of long chain fatty acids under mild reaction conditions at room temperature.