1
|
Abbas M, Sheybani S, Mortensen ML, Balkus KJ. Fluoro-bridged rare-earth metal-organic frameworks. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3445-3453. [PMID: 38247309 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Rare-earth (RE) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. RE metals tend to make binuclear metal nodes resulting in dense nonporous coordination networks. Three dimensional porous RE-MOFs have been reported by preparing bigger metal nodes based on metal clusters often found as hexaclusters or nonaclusters. The formation of metal clusters (>2 metal ions) generally requires the use of fluorinated organic molecules reported as modulators. However, it was recently discovered that these molecules are not modulators, rather they act as reactants and leave fluorine in the metal clusters. The formation and types of fluorinated RE metal clusters have been discussed. These fluorinated clusters offer higher connectivity which results in porous MOFs. The presence of fluorine in these metal clusters offers unique properties, such as higher thermal stability and improved fluorescence. This frontier summarizes recent progress and gives future perspective on the fluorinated metal clusters in the RE-MOFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Simin Sheybani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Marie L Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Balkus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Z, Deacon GB, Junk PC. Unexpected C−F activation during redox transmetallation with silver
N,N
′‐bis(2,6‐difluorophenyl)formamidinate. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Guo
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800 Australia
- College of Science & Engineering James Cook University Townsville 4811 Qld Australia
| | - Glen B. Deacon
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800 Australia
| | - Peter C. Junk
- College of Science & Engineering James Cook University Townsville 4811 Qld Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Z, Blair VL, Deacon GB, Junk PC. Europium is Different: Solvent and Ligand Effects on Oxidation State Outcomes and C-F Activation in Reactions Between Europium Metal and Pentafluorophenylsilver. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103865. [PMID: 34859510 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Unique outcomes have emerged from the redox transmetallation/ protolysis (RTP) reactions of europium metal with [Ag(C6 F5 )(py)] (py=pyridine) and pyrazoles (RR'pzH). In pyridine, a solvent not normally used for RTP reactions, the products were mainly EuII complexes, [Eu(RR'pz)2 (py)4 ] (RR'pz=3,5-diphenylpyrazolate (Ph2 pz) 1; 3-(2-thienyl)-5-trifluoromethylpyrazolate (ttfpz) 2; 3-methyl-5-phenylpyrazolate (PhMepz) 3). However, use of 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (tBu2 pzH) gave trivalent [Eu(tBu2 pz)3 (py)2 ] 4, whereas the bulkier N,N'-bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)formamidine (DFFormH) gave divalent [Eu(DFForm)2 (py)3 ] 5. In tetrahydrofuran (thf), the usual solvent for RTP reactions, C-F activation was observed for the first time with [Ag(C6 F5 )(py)] in such reactions. Thus trivalent [{Eu2 (Ph2 pz)4 (py)4 (thf)2 (μ-F)2 }{Eu2 (Ph2 pz)4 (py)2 (thf)4 (μ-F)2 }] (6), [Eu2 (ttfpz)4 (py)2 (dme)2 (μ-F)2 ] (7), [Eu2 (tBu2 pz)4 (dme)2 (μ-F)2 ] (8) were obtained from the appropriate pyrazoles, the last two after crystallization from 1,2-dimethoxyethane (dme). Surprisingly 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Me2 pzH) gave the divalent cage [Eu6 (Me2 pz)10 (thf)6 (μ-F)2 ] (9). This has a compact ovoid core held together by bridging fluoride, thf, and pyrazolate ligands, the last including the rare μ4 -1η5 (N2 C3 ): 2η2 (N,N'): 3κ(N): 4κ(N') pyrazolate binding mode. With the bulky N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidine (DippFormH), which often favours C-F activation in RTP reactions, neither oxidation to EuIII nor C-F activation was observed and [Eu(DippForm)2 (thf)2 ] (10) was isolated. By contrast, Eu reacted with Bi(C6 F5 )3 and Ph2 pzH or tBu2 pzH in thf without C-F activation, to give [Eu(Ph2 pz)2 (thf)4 ] (11) and [Eu(tBu2 pz)3 (thf)2 ] (12) respectively, the oxidation state outcomes corresponding to that for use of [Ag(C6 F5 )(py)] in pyridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Guo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.,College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Qld, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Glen B Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter C Junk
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vizuet JP, Mortensen ML, Lewis AL, Wunch MA, Firouzi HR, McCandless GT, Balkus KJ. Fluoro-Bridged Clusters in Rare-Earth Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17995-18000. [PMID: 34677056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The modulator 2-fluorobenzoic acid (2-fba) is widely used to prepare RE clusters in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). In contrast to known RE MOF structures containing hydroxide bridging groups, we report for the first time the possible presence of fluoro bridging groups in RE MOFs. In this report we discuss the synthesis of a holmium-UiO-66 analogue as well as a novel holmium MOF, where evidence of fluorinated clusters is observed. The mechanism of fluorine extraction from 2-fba is discussed as well as the implications that these results have for previously reported RE MOF structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Vizuet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Marie L Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Abigail L Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Melissa A Wunch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Hamid R Firouzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Gregory T McCandless
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Kenneth J Balkus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ling BK, Li J, Zhai YQ, Hsu HK, Chan YT, Chen WP, Han T, Zheng YZ. Terbium-fluorido cluster: an energy cage for photoluminescence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9130-9133. [PMID: 32643731 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here that energy migration during luminescence can be extremely minimized by caging the fluorescent centers in a molecular cluster of [Tb6(μ3-F)8(piv)10(Hpiv)4DMF]·xDMF·yH2O 1. Experimental and theoretical simulations reveal that bonding terbium with fluoride is the key to reducing the non-radiative multi-phonon relaxation processes, which is disparate to the common hydroxy-based lanthanide clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kai Ling
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Shenzhen Research School, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior for Materials, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China.
| | - Junhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Qi Zhai
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Shenzhen Research School, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior for Materials, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China.
| | - Hung-Kai Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsu Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Peng Chen
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Shenzhen Research School, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior for Materials, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China.
| | - Tian Han
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Shenzhen Research School, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior for Materials, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Zhen Zheng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Shenzhen Research School, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior for Materials, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Z, Huo R, Tan YQ, Blair V, Deacon GB, Junk PC. Syntheses of reactive rare earth complexes by redox transmetallation/protolysis reactions–A simple and convenient method. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
7
|
Aldabbagh AK, Junk PC, Wang J. Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Heteroleptic and Homoleptic Antimony(III) Tetrafluorophenylethylenediamidate Complexes. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of hetero- and homoleptic organoamidoantimony(iii) complexes of the type [SbLMe3−nCln] (n=2, 1, 0) (HLMe=p-HC6F4NH(CH2)2NMe2) incorporating a bulky amido fluorinated ligand tethered with an amino pendant arm, have been successfully synthesised and fully characterised as monomers in the solid state. [Sb(p-HC6F4NC2H4NMe2)Cl2] (1), [Sb(p-HC6F4NC2H4NMe2)2Cl] (2), and [Sb(p-HC6F4NC2H4NMe2)3] (3) were isolated by metathesis reactions involving different stoichiometric ratios between SbCl3 and Li(p-HC6F4N(CH2)2NMe2) (LiLMe) in non-coordinating solvents, while [Sb(p-HC6F4NC2H4NMe2)Cl2] (1) was also synthesised by the direct reaction between SbCl3 and HLMe in THF providing an interesting alternative pathway to access these types of compounds.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rumyantсev RV, Fukin GK. Intramolecular C—F→Ln dative interactions in lanthanide complexes with fluorinated ligands. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Yin H, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ. Cerium(III) and Uranium(IV) Complexes of the 2-Fluorophenyl Trimethylsilyl Amide Ligand: C–F → Ln/An Interactions that Modulate the Coordination Spheres of f-Block Elements. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5684-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Yin
- P. Roy
and Diana T. Vagelos
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231
South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy
and Diana T. Vagelos
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231
South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy
and Diana T. Vagelos
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231
South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deacon GB, Junk PC, Kelly RP, Wang J. Exploring the effect of the LnIII/LnIIredox potential on C–F activation and on oxidation of some lanthanoid organoamides. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1422-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of the LnIIoxidation state (Ln = Eu, Yb, Sm) in C–F activation reactions has been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C. Junk
- College of Science
- Technology & Engineering
- James Cook University
- Townsville 4811
- Australia
| | | | - Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Australia
- College of Science
- Technology & Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yin H, Zabula AV, Schelter EJ. C–F→Ln/An interactions in synthetic f-element chemistry. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6313-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00108d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
C–F→Ln/An interactions have been increasingly recognized as a key aspect of f-element chemistry over the last two decades. This Perspective summarizes the literature on the nature of C–F→Ln/An contacts, their role in the structural and coordination chemistry of f-block elements and their applications for C–F bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Yin
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Alexander V. Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deacon GB, Junk PC, Werner D. Lanthanoid Induced C-F Activation of All Fluorine Atoms of One CF3Group. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Werner D, Deacon GB, Junk PC, Anwander R. Cerium(III/IV) formamidinate chemistry, and a stable cerium(IV) diolate. Chemistry 2014; 20:4426-38. [PMID: 24643972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Four new cerium(III) formamidinate complexes comprising [Ce(p-TolForm)3 ], [Ce(DFForm)3 (thf)2 ], [Ce(DFForm)3 ], and [Ce(EtForm)3 ] were synthesized by protonolysis reactions using [Ce{N(SiMe3 )2 }3 ] and formamidines of varying functionality, namely N,N'-bis(4-methylphenyl)formamidine (p-TolFormH), N,N'-bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)formamidine (DFFormH), and the sterically more demanding N,N'-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)formamidine (EtFormH). The bimetallic cerium lithium complex [LiCe(DFForm)4 ] was synthesized by treating a mixture of [Ce{N(SiHMe2 )2 }3 (thf)2 ] and [Li{N(SiHMe2 )2 }] with four equivalents of DFFormH in toluene. Oxidation of the trivalent cerium(III) formamidinate complexes by trityl chloride (Ph3 CCl) caused dramatic color changes, although the cerium(IV) species appeared transient and reformed cerium(III) complexes and N'-trityl-N,N'-diarylformamidines shortly after oxidation. The first structurally characterized homoleptic cerium(IV) formamidinate complex [Ce(p-TolForm)4 ] was obtained through a protonolysis reaction between [Ce{N(SiHMe2 )2 }4 ] and four equivalents of p-TolFormH. [Ce{N(SiHMe2 )2 }4 ] was also treated with DFFormH and EtFormH, but the resulting cerium(IV) complexes decomposed before isolation was possible. The new cerium(IV) silylamide complex [Ce{N(SiMe3 )2 }3 (bda)0.5 ]2 (bda=1,4-benzenediolato) was synthesized by treatment of [Ce{N(SiMe3 )2 }3 ] with half an equivalent of 1,4-benzoquinone, and showed remarkable resistance towards protonolysis or reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Werner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800 (Australia)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Deacon GB, Jaroschik F, Junk PC, Kelly RP. A divalent heteroleptic lanthanoid fluoride complex stabilised by the tetraphenylcyclopentadienyl ligand, arising from C–F activation of pentafluorobenzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10655-7. [PMID: 25077602 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04427d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The divalent heteroleptic lanthanoid fluoride complex, [Yb(C5Ph4H)(μ-F)(thf)2]2, as well as [Yb(C5Ph4H)2(thf)] and [Yb(C5Ph4H)(C6F5)(thf)2] were obtained from reactions of ytterbium metal with Hg(C6F5)2 and tetraphenyl–cyclopentadiene under different conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Deacon
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - F. Jaroschik
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims
- UMR CNRS 7312
- Université de Reims
- 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - P. C. Junk
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville 4811, Australia
| | - R. P. Kelly
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin H, Robinson JR, Carroll PJ, Walsh PJ, Schelter EJ. κ2-Coordination of 18-crown-6 to Ce(iii) cations: solution dynamics and reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3470-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Yin H, Lewis AJ, Carroll P, Schelter EJ. Electrophilic Ln(III) Cations Protected by C–F → Ln Interactions and Their Coordination Chemistry with Weak σ- and π-Donors. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8234-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401130e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Yin
- P. Roy and Diana
T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew J. Lewis
- P. Roy and Diana
T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana
T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana
T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|