1
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Hege CS, Stimpson A, Sefton J, Summers J, Henke H, Dundas AA, Phan T, Kinsey R, Guderian JA, Sivananthan SJ, Mohamath R, Lykins WR, Ramer-Denisoff G, Lin S, Fox CB, Irvine DJ. Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3831. [PMID: 37765685 PMCID: PMC10538096 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This report details the first systematic screening of free-radical-produced methacrylate oligomer reaction mixtures as alternative vaccine adjuvant components to replace the current benchmark compound squalene, which is unsustainably sourced from shark livers. Homo-/co-oligomer mixtures of methyl, butyl, lauryl, and stearyl methacrylate were successfully synthesized using catalytic chain transfer control, where the use of microwave heating was shown to promote propagation over chain transfer. Controlling the mixture material properties allowed the correct viscosity to be achieved, enabling the mixtures to be effectively used in vaccine formulations. Emulsions of selected oligomers stimulated comparable cytokine levels to squalene emulsion when incubated with human whole blood and elicited an antigen-specific cellular immune response when administered with an inactivated influenza vaccine, indicating the potential utility of the compounds as vaccine adjuvant components. Furthermore, the oligomers' molecular sizes were demonstrated to be large enough to enable greater emulsion stability than squalene, especially at high temperatures, but are predicted to be small enough to allow for rapid clearance from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula S. Hege
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (A.A.D.)
| | - Amy Stimpson
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (A.A.D.)
| | - Joseph Sefton
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (A.A.D.)
| | - James Summers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Helena Henke
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (A.A.D.)
| | - Adam A. Dundas
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (A.A.D.)
| | - Tony Phan
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Guderian
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Sandra J. Sivananthan
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Raodoh Mohamath
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - William R. Lykins
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Gabi Ramer-Denisoff
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Derek J. Irvine
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (A.A.D.)
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2
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Lloyd DJ, Nikolaou V, Collins J, Waldron C, Anastasaki A, Bassett SP, Howdle SM, Blanazs A, Wilson P, Kempe K, Haddleton DM. Controlled aqueous polymerization of acrylamides and acrylates and "in situ" depolymerization in the presence of dissolved CO2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:6533-6. [PMID: 27111827 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous copper-mediated radical polymerization of acrylamides and acrylates in carbonated water resulted in high monomer conversions (t < 10 min) before undergoing depolymerization (60 min > t > 10 min). The regenerated monomer was characterized and repolymerized following deoxygenation of the resulting solutions to reyield polymers in high conversions that exhibit low dispersities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK.
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK.
| | - Jennifer Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK.
| | - Christopher Waldron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK.
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK. and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon P Bassett
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK. and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK. and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Gibbet Hill, West Midlands, UK. and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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3
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Kermagoret A, Chau NDQ, Grignard B, Cordella D, Debuigne A, Jérôme C, Detrembleur C. Cobalt-Mediated Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate and Acrylonitrile in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:539-44. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kermagoret
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Ngoc Do Quyen Chau
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Daniela Cordella
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Chemistry Department; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6a 4000 Liege Belgium
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4
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Adlington K, El Harfi J, Li J, Carmichael K, Guderian JA, Fox CB, Irvine DJ. Molecular Design of Squalene/Squalane Countertypes via the Controlled Oligomerization of Isoprene and Evaluation of Vaccine Adjuvant Applications. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:165-72. [PMID: 26652915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential to replace shark-derived squalene in vaccine adjuvant applications with synthetic squalene/poly(isoprene) oligomers, synthesized by the controlled oligomerization of isoprene is demonstrated. Following on from our previous work regarding the synthesis of poly(isoprene) oligomers, we demonstrate the ability to tune the molecular weight of the synthetic poly(isoprene) material beyond that of natural squalene, while retaining a final backbone structure that contained a minimum of 75% of 1,4 addition product and an acceptable polydispersity. The synthesis was successfully scaled from the 2 g to the 40 g scale both in the bulk (i.e., solvent free) and with the aid of additional solvent by utilizing catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) as the control method, such that the target molecular weight, acceptable dispersity levels, and the desired level of 1,4 addition in the backbone structure and an acceptable yield (∼60%) are achieved. Moreover, the stability and in vitro bioactivity of nanoemulsion adjuvant formulations manufactured with the synthetic poly(isoprene) material are evaluated in comparison to emulsions made with shark-derived squalene. Emulsions containing the synthetic poly(isoprene) achieved smaller particle size and equivalent or enhanced bioactivity (stimulation of cytokine production in human whole blood) compared to corresponding shark squalene emulsions. However, as opposed to the shark squalene-based emulsions, the poly(isoprene) emulsions demonstrated reduced long-term size stability and induced hemolysis at high concentrations. Finally, we demonstrate that the synthetic oligomeric poly(isoprene) material could successfully be hydrogenated such that >95% of the double bonds were successfully removed to give a representative poly(isoprene)-derived squalane mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kim Carmichael
- Enterprise Technology/Synthetic Polymers, Croda Enterprises Ltd, Foundry Lane, Ditton, Widnes, Cheshire, WA8 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey A Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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5
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Richardson SJ, Blakey I, Thurecht KJ, Irvine DJ, Whittaker AK. Spectral normalisation by error minimisation for prediction of conversion in solvent-free catalytic chain transfer polymerisations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06462k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work provides a robust method to determine spectral normalization points in reactions with no known constant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Richardson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Idriss Blakey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
| | - Derek J. Irvine
- National Centre for Industrial Microwave Processing
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
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6
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Datta A, Massera C, Clegg JK, Aromí G, Aguilà D, Huang JH, Chuang SJ. Discrete and polymeric complexes formed from cobalt(ii), 4,4′-bipyridine and 2-sulfoterephthalate: synthetic, crystallographic and magnetic studies. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00713e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Five discrete and polymeric complexes have been prepared and characterised from the reaction of different ratios of Co(ii), 4,4′-bipyridine and 2-sulfoterephthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Datta
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua 50058, Taiwan
| | - Chiara Massera
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- , Australia
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Aguilà
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jui-Hsien Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua 50058, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie Chuang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua 50058, Taiwan
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7
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Picchioni F. Supercritical carbon dioxide and polymers: an interplay of science and technology. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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8
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Adlington K, McSweeney R, Dimitrakis G, Kingman SW, Robinson JP, Irvine DJ. Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00907j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a CCTP active catalyst, which is promoted by adopting microwave heating and an “in situ” synthesis methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Adlington
- National Centre for Industrial Microwave Processing
- Energy and Sustainability Research Division
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Georgios Dimitrakis
- National Centre for Industrial Microwave Processing
- Energy and Sustainability Research Division
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
| | - Samuel W. Kingman
- National Centre for Industrial Microwave Processing
- Energy and Sustainability Research Division
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
| | - John P. Robinson
- National Centre for Industrial Microwave Processing
- Energy and Sustainability Research Division
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
| | - Derek J. Irvine
- National Centre for Industrial Microwave Processing
- Energy and Sustainability Research Division
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
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