1
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Hannigan MD, Tami JL, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Rethinking Catalyst Trapping in Ni-Catalyzed Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10821-10830. [PMID: 37396500 PMCID: PMC10312364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polymerization (CTP) is a chain-growth method used to synthesize conjugated polymers. Although CTP works well for most donor-type monomers, the polymerization stalls with thieno[3,2-b]thiophene when using Ni catalysts. Previous reports have rationalized this result by suggesting that the catalyst is trapped in a Ni0 π-complex with the highly electron-rich arene. In this study, evidence is provided that the catalyst trap is more likely a NiII complex that arises from oxidative insertion of Ni0 into the C-S bonds of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. This result is consistent with the known reactivity of Ni0 complexes toward S-heteroarenes and is supported herein by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra acquired in situ, as well as data collected from small-molecule model reactions and density-functional theory simulations of the polymerization. We propose that this C-S insertion pathway and related off-cycle reactions may be relevant to understanding or enabling the CTP of other monomers with fused thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hannigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L Tami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
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2
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Cheng S, Zhao R, Seferos DS. Precision Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Using the Kumada Methodology. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4203-4214. [PMID: 34726058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conductive poly(acetylene), the study of conjugated polymers has remained an active and interdisciplinary frontier between polymer chemistry, polymer physics, computation, and device engineering. One of the ultimate goals of polymer science is to reliably synthesize structures, similar to small molecule synthesis. Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization (KCTP) is a powerful tool for synthesizing conjugated polymers with predictable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, specific end groups, and complex backbone architectures. However, expanding the monomer scope beyond the well-studied 3-alkylthiophenes to include electron-deficient and complex heterocycles has been difficult. Revisiting the successful applications of KCTP can help us gain new insight into the CTP mechanisms and thus inspire breakthroughs in the controlled polymerization of challenging π-conjugated monomers.In this Account, we highlight our efforts over the past decade to achieve controlled synthesis of homopolymers (p-type and n-type), copolymers (diblock and statistical), and monodisperse high oligomers. We first give a brief introduction of the mechanism and state-of-the-art of KCTP. Since the extent of polymerization control is determined by steric and electronic effects of both the catalyst and monomer, the polymerization can be optimized by modifying monomer and catalyst structures, as well as finding a well-matched monomer-catalyst system. We discuss the effects of side-chain steric hindrance and halogens in the context of heavy atom substituted monomers. By moving the side-chain branch point one carbon atom away from the heterocycle to alleviate steric crowding and stabilize the catalyst resting state, we were able to successfully control the polymerization of new tellurophene monomers. Inspired by innocent role of the sterically encumbered 2-transmetalated 3-alkylthiophene monomer, we introduce the treatment of hygroscopic monomers with a bulky Grignard compound as a water-scavenger for the improved synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymers. For challenging electron-deficient monomers, we discuss the design of new Ni(II)diimine catalysts with electron-donating character which enhance the stability of the association complex between the catalyst and the growing polymer chain, resulting in the quasi-living synthesis of n-type polymers. Beyond n-type homopolymers, the Ni(II)diimine catalysts are also capable of producing electron-rich and electron-deficient diblock and statistical copolymers. We discuss how density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the role of catalyst steric and electronic effects in controlling the synthesis of π-conjugated polymers. Moreover, we demonstrate the synthesis of monodisperse high oligomers by temperature cycling, which takes full advantage of the unique character of KCTP in that it proceeds through distinct intermediates that are not reactive. The insight we gained thus far leads to the first example of isolated living conjugated polymer chains prepared by a standard KCTP procedure, with general applicability to different monomers and catalytic systems. In summarizing a decade of innovation in KCTP, we hope this Account will inspire future development in the field to overcome key challenges including the controlled synthesis of electron-deficient heterocycles, complex and high-performance systems, and degradable and recyclable materials as well as cutting-edge catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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3
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Bautista MV, Varni AJ, Ayuso-Carrillo J, Carson MC, Noonan KJT. Pairing Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and catalyst transfer polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Borylation strategies to make AB Suzuki–Miyaura monomers for use in catalyst-transfer polymerization with nickel or palladium catalysts.
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4
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Huang F, Hu H, Wang K, Peng C, Xu W, Zhang Y, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhou H, Huang R, Li M, Shen J, Xu Y. Identification of Highly Selective Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) Inhibitors by a Covalent Fragment-Based Approach. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7052-7065. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hangchen Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chengyuan Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenwei Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yishen Liu
- Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Minjun Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Shibuya Y, Mori A. Dehalogenative or Deprotonative? The Preparation Pathway to the Organometallic Monomer for Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Catalyst-Transfer-Type Polymerization of Thiophene Derivatives. Chemistry 2020; 26:6976-6987. [PMID: 32086855 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to a wide range of applications in electronic materials, polythiophenes attract considerable attention in organic and polymer syntheses as well as in materials science. For the purpose of developing the practical synthetic protocol, this review focuses on the deprotonative pathway in the preparation of thiophene organometallic monomer, which was shown to be effective employing 2-halo-3-substituted thiophene as a monomer precursor. The thus metallated thiophene monomer was shown to undergo polymerization by nickel(II) complex catalysis, with which highly regioregular head-to-tail (HT)-type polythiophenes were obtained with controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Several polythiophene derivatives with modified thiophene-ring and side-chain structures were shown to be designed in order to achieve the designed functionality as materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Shibuya
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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6
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Desnoyer AN, He W, Behyan S, Chiu W, Love JA, Kennepohl P. The Importance of Ligand-Induced Backdonation in the Stabilization of Square Planar d 10 Nickel π-Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:5259-5268. [PMID: 30693581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The electronic nature of Ni π-complexes is underexplored even though these complexes have been widely postulated as intermediates in organometallic chemistry. Herein, the geometric and electronic structure of a series of nickel π-complexes, Ni(dtbpe)(X) (dtbpe=1,2-bis(di-tert-butyl)phosphinoethane; X=alkene or carbonyl containing π-ligands), is probed using a combination of 31 P NMR, Ni K-edge XAS, Ni Kβ XES, and DFT calculations. These complexes are best described as square planar d10 complexes with π-backbonding acting as the dominant contributor to M-L bonding to the π-ligand. The degree of backbonding correlates with 2 JPP from NMR and the energy of the Ni 1s→4pz pre-edge in the Ni K-edge XAS data, and is determined by the energy of the π*ip ligand acceptor orbital. Thus, unactivated olefinic ligands tend to be poor π-acids whereas ketones, aldehydes, and esters allow for greater backbonding. However, backbonding is still significant even in cases in which metal contributions are minor. In such cases, backbonding is dominated by charge donation from the diphosphine, which allows for strong backdonation, although the metal centre retains a formal d10 electronic configuration. This ligand-induced backbonding can be formally described as a 3-centre-4-electron (3c-4e) interaction, in which the nickel centre mediates charge transfer from the phosphine σ-donors to the π*ip ligand acceptor orbital. The implications of this bonding motif are described with respect to both structure and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Weiying He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shirin Behyan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Weiling Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Lutz JP, Hannigan MD, McNeil AJ. Polymers synthesized via catalyst-transfer polymerization and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Baker MA, Tsai C, Noonan KJT. Diversifying Cross‐Coupling Strategies, Catalysts and Monomers for the Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:13078-13088. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chia‐Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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9
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Vitek AK, Leone AK, McNeil AJ, Zimmerman PM. Spin-Switching Transmetalation at Ni Diimine Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Leysen P, Mannaerts A, Koeckelberghs G. The Influence of Substituents in the 3-Position on the Polymerization of Metaphenylenes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Leysen
- Department of Chemistry KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Astrid Mannaerts
- Department of Chemistry KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Department of Chemistry KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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11
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Aplan MP, Gomez ED. Recent Developments in Chain-Growth Polymerizations of Conjugated Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Aplan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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12
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Nakagawa N, Ogura T, Fujita K, Sumino Y, Hashimoto T, Okano K, Mori A. Remarkable Reactivity Differences of Chlorothiophene and Chlorinated Oligothiophenes in NiCl2(PPh3)2-catalyzed Polymerization. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.161180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
| | - Tadayuki Ogura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
| | - Keisuke Fujita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
| | - Yugo Sumino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
| | - Takayoshi Hashimoto
- Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501
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13
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Hall AO, Lee SR, Bootsma AN, Bloom JWG, Wheeler SE, McNeil AJ. Reactive ligand influence on initiation in phenylene catalyst-transfer polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana O. Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program; University of Michigan; 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Se Ryeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program; University of Michigan; 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Andrea N. Bootsma
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; PO Box 30012 College Station Texas 77842-3012
| | - Jacob W. G. Bloom
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; PO Box 30012 College Station Texas 77842-3012
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; PO Box 30012 College Station Texas 77842-3012
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program; University of Michigan; 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-1055
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14
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Silva López C, Faza ON, Mansell A, Theis Z, Bellert D. Three Reaction Channels with Signature Proton Transfers in the Ni(I)-Catalyzed Decomposition of Ethyl Acetate. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silva López
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Quı́mica
Orgánica, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Quı́mica
Orgánica, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Adam Mansell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Zachry Theis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Darrin Bellert
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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15
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Verheyen L, Leysen P, Van Den Eede MP, Ceunen W, Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Advances in the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Verheyen L, Timmermans B, Koeckelberghs G. The influence of branching on the Kumada catalyst transfer condensative polymerization of 3-alkylthiophenes. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of branching of the substituent in polythiophenes on the rate and the livingness of the polymerization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Verheyen
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - B. Timmermans
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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17
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Smith ML, Leone AK, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Impact of Preferential π-Binding in Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation of Thiazole Derivatives. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1411-1415. [PMID: 35651203 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerizing electron-deficient arenes in a controlled, chain-growth fashion remains a significant challenge despite a decade of research on catalyst-transfer polycondensation. The prevailing hypothesis is that the chain-growth mechanism stalls at a strongly associated metal-polymer π-complex, preventing catalyst turnover. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed mechanistic studies using thiazole derivatives and identified approaches to improve their chain-growth polymerization. These studies revealed a surprisingly high barrier for chain-walking toward the reactive C-X bond. In addition, a competitive pathway involving chain-transfer to monomer was identified. This pathway is facilitated by ancillary ligand dissociation and N-coordination to the incoming monomer. We found that this chain-transfer pathway can be attenuated by using a rigid ancillary ligand, leading to an improved polymerization. Combined, these studies provide mechanistic insight into the challenges associated with electron-deficient monomers as well as ways to improve their living, chain-growth polymerization. Our mechanistic studies also revealed an unexpected radical anion-mediated oligomerization in the absence of catalyst, as well as a surprising oxidative addition into the thiazole C-S bond in a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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18
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Leone AK, McNeil AJ. Matchmaking in Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation: Optimizing Catalysts based on Mechanistic Insight. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2822-2831. [PMID: 27936580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polycondensation (CTP) has emerged as a useful living, chain-growth polymerization method for synthesizing conjugated (hetero)arene-based polymers with targetable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, and controllable copolymer sequences-all properties that significantly influence their performance in devices. Over the past decade, several phosphine- and carbene-ligated Ni- and Pd-based precatalysts have been shown to be effective in CTP. One current limitation is that these traditional CTP catalysts lead to nonliving, non-chain-growth behavior when complex monomer scaffolds are utilized. Because these monomers are often found in the highest-performing materials, there is a significant need to identify alternative CTP catalysts. Recent mechanistic insight into CTP has laid the foundation for designing new catalysts to expand the CTP monomer scope. Building off this insight, we have designed and implemented model systems to identify effective catalysts by understanding their underlying mechanistic behaviors and systematically modifying catalyst structures to improve their chain-growth behavior. In this Account, we describe how each catalyst parameter-the ancillary ligand(s), reactive ligand(s), and transition metal-influences CTP. As an example, ancillary ligands often dictate the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle, and perhaps more importantly, they can be used to promote the formation of the key intermediate (a metal-arene associative complex) and its subsequent reactivity. The fidelity of this intermediate is central to the mechanism for the living, chain-growth polymerization. Reactive ligands, on the other hand, can be used to improve catalyst solubility and accelerate initiation. Additional advantages of the reactive ligand include providing access points for postpolymerization modification and synthesizing polymers directly off surfaces. While the most frequently used CTP catalysts contain nickel, palladium-based catalysts exhibit a higher functional group tolerance and broader substrate scope (e.g., monomers with boron, magnesium, tin, and gold transmetalating agents). Overall, we anticipate that applying the tools and lessons detailed in this Account to other monomers should facilitate a better "matchmaking" process that will lead to new catalyst-transfer polycondensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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19
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Zhao Y, Nett AJ, McNeil AJ, Zimmerman PM. Computational Mechanism for Initiation and Growth of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Using Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precatalysts. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alex J. Nett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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Tsai CH, Fortney A, Qiu Y, Gil RR, Yaron D, Kowalewski T, Noonan KJT. Conjugated Polymers with Repeated Sequences of Group 16 Heterocycles Synthesized through Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6798-804. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andria Fortney
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Roberto R. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David Yaron
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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21
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Nenajdenko VG, Muzalevskiy VM, Shastin AV. Polyfluorinated ethanes as versatile fluorinated C2-building blocks for organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2015; 115:973-1050. [PMID: 25594605 DOI: 10.1021/cr500465n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
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22
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Grisorio R, Suranna GP. Intramolecular catalyst transfer polymerisation of conjugated monomers: from lessons learned to future challenges. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eleven years after the first reports on intramolecular catalyst transfer polycondensations, this review aims to critically recap on the fundamental “lessons” that can be learned from the historic literature as well as from the fervid activity that has emerged in the last three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grisorio
- DICATECh – Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile
- Ambientale
- del Territorio
- Edile e di Chimica
- Politecnico di Bari
| | - Gian Paolo Suranna
- DICATECh – Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile
- Ambientale
- del Territorio
- Edile e di Chimica
- Politecnico di Bari
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23
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Pammer F, Jäger J, Rudolf B, Sun Y. Soluble Head-to-Tail Regioregular Polythiazoles: Preparation, Properties, and Evidence for Chain-Growth Behavior in the Synthesis via Kumada-Coupling Polycondensation. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501213g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jakob Jäger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rudolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Fachbereich Chemie, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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24
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Goto E, Nakamura S, Kawauchi S, Mori H, Ueda M, Higashihara T. Precision synthesis of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) with low dispersity using a zincate complex catalyzed by nickel with the ligand of 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Goto
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
| | - Saki Nakamura
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1, O-okayama Meguro-Ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1, O-okayama Meguro-Ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hideharu Mori
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueda
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa 992-8510 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-1-8, Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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25
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Standley EA, Smith S, Müller P, Jamison TF. A Broadly Applicable Strategy for Entry into Homogeneous Nickel(0) Catalysts from Air-Stable Nickel(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2014; 33:2012-2018. [PMID: 24803717 PMCID: PMC4006606 DOI: 10.1021/om500156q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of air-stable nickel complexes of the form L2Ni(aryl) X (L = monodentate phosphine, X = Cl, Br) and LNi(aryl)X (L = bis-phosphine) have been synthesized and are presented as a library of precatalysts suitable for a wide variety of nickel-catalyzed transformations. These complexes are easily synthesized from low-cost NiCl2·6H2O or NiBr2·3H2O and the desired ligand followed by addition of 1 equiv of Grignard reagent. A selection of these complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and an analysis of their structural features is provided. A case study of their use as precatalysts for the nickel-catalyzed carbonyl-ene reaction is presented, showing superior reactivity in comparison to reactions using Ni(cod)2. Furthermore, as the precatalysts are all stable to air, no glovebox or inert-atmosphere techniques are required to make use of these complexes for nickel-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Standley
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Higashihara T, Goto E. Controlled synthesis of low-polydisperse regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) and related materials by zincate-complex metathesis polymerization. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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27
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Pammer F, Passlack U. Head-to-Tail Regioregular Polythiazole Prepared via Kumada-Coupling Polycondensation. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:170-174. [PMID: 35590499 DOI: 10.1021/mz400575u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Head-to-tail regioregular poly(4-alkylthiazoles) (C9-pTz, C13-pTz, alkyl = n-C9H19, n-C13H27) have been synthesized and spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. The PTzs were obtained by transmetalation of 2-chloro-5-bromo-4-alkylthiazoles with iPrMgCl, followed by Kumada-coupling polycondensation. The polymers are largely insoluble in organic solvents but dissolve readily in the presence of, e.g., trifluoro acetic acid (TFA). Analyses of soluble trace fractions of the polymers gave number average molecular weights (Mn) of 1.9-2.4 kDa (C9-pTz, PDI ≈ 1.1-1.3) and 2.9-3.0 kDa (C13-pTz, PDI ≈ 1.1-1.2), as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) relative to polystyrene standards, while the molecular weight of the bulk material is presumed to be considerably higher. Comparison of the 1H NMR spectra of the PTzs with a quaterthiazole model compound (4Tz) and head-to-head-tail-to-tail regioregular polybithiazole (PBTz) confirmed the head-tail structure and the high degree of regioregularity. The optical and electrochemical band gaps of C9-PTz were found to be similar to those of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), while the frontier orbital levels are stabilized by 0.3-0.5 eV relative to those of the polythiophene. The synthesis of PTz via selective transmetalation of the precursor at the sterically hindered 5-position renders this synthesis a rare polycondensation of a reversed monomer. The implications for the polymerization mechanism are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pammer
- Institut
für Organische
Chemie II und Neue Materialien, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein
Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrike Passlack
- Institut
für Organische
Chemie II und Neue Materialien, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein
Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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28
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Grisorio R, Mastrorilli P, Suranna GP. A Pd(AcO)2/t-Bu3P/K3PO4 catalytic system for the control of Suzuki cross-coupling polymerisation. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Zhang X, Higashihara T, Ueda M, Wang L. Polyphenylenes and the related copolymer membranes for electrochemical device applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00898g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the development of polyphenylene-based ion exchange membranes for electrochemical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094, China
| | - T. Higashihara
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa City, Japan
| | - M. Ueda
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa City, Japan
| | - L. Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094, China
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30
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Hardeman T, Willot P, Winter JD, Josse T, Gerbaux P, Shestakova P, Nies E, Koeckelberghs G. Study on the formation of a supramolecular conjugated graft copolymer in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Hardeman
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group; Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Thomas Josse
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group; Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group; Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Pavletta Shestakova
- NMR Laboratory; Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Acad G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 9 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Erik Nies
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Polymer Materials; Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
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31
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Willot P, Govaerts S, Koeckelberghs G. The Controlled Polymerization of Poly(cyclopentadithiophene)s and Their All-Conjugated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401667d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Willot
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sanne Govaerts
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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32
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Bryan ZJ, McNeil AJ. Conjugated Polymer Synthesis via Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation (CTP): Mechanism, Scope, and Applications. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401314x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Bryan
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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33
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Bridges CR, McCormick TM, Gibson GL, Hollinger J, Seferos DS. Designing and Refining Ni(II)diimine Catalysts Toward the Controlled Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13212-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4073904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Bridges
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Theresa M. McCormick
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory L. Gibson
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jon Hollinger
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of
Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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34
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Yokozawa T, Ohta Y. Scope of controlled synthesis via chain-growth condensation polymerization: from aromatic polyamides to π-conjugated polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8281-310. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Bryan ZJ, McNeil AJ. Evidence for a preferential intramolecular oxidative addition in Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and their impact on chain-growth polymerizations. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc00090g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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