1
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Lai YF, Leung L, Timm MJ, Walker GC, Polanyi JC. Abortive reaction leads to selective adsorbate rotation. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38808590 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Electron-induced dissociation of a fluorocarbon adsorbate CF3 (ad) at 4.6 K is shown by Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) to form directed energetic F-atom 'projectiles' on Cu(110). The outcome of a collision between these directed projectiles and stationary co-adsorbed allyl 'target' molecules was found through STM to give rotational excitation of the target allyl, clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the chosen collision geometry. Molecular dynamics computation linked the collisional excitation of the allyl target to an 'abortive chemical reaction', in which the approach of the F-projectile stretched an H-C bond lifting the allyl above the surface, facilitating isomerization from 'Across' to 'Along' a Cu row.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Lai
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Timm
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gilbert C Walker
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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2
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Anggara K, Ochner H, Szilagyi S, Malavolti L, Rauschenbach S, Kern K. Landing Proteins on Graphene Trampoline Preserves Their Gas-Phase Folding on the Surface. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:151-158. [PMID: 36844500 PMCID: PMC9951278 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecule-surface collisions are known to initiate dynamics that lead to products inaccessible by thermal chemistry. These collision dynamics, however, have mostly been examined on bulk surfaces, leaving vast opportunities unexplored for molecular collisions on nanostructures, especially on those that exhibit mechanical properties radically different from those of their bulk counterparts. Probing energy-dependent dynamics on nanostructures, particularly for large molecules, has been challenging due to their fast time scales and high structural complexity. Here, by examining the dynamics of a protein impinging on a freestanding, single-atom-thick membrane, we discover molecule-on-trampoline dynamics that disperse the collision impact away from the incident protein within a few picoseconds. As a result, our experiments and ab initio calculations show that cytochrome c retains its gas-phase folded structure when it collides onto freestanding single-layer graphene at low energies (∼20 meV/atom). The molecule-on-trampoline dynamics, expected to be operative on many freestanding atomic membranes, enable reliable means to transfer gas-phase macromolecular structures onto freestanding surfaces for their single-molecule imaging, complementing many bioanalytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Hannah Ochner
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Sven Szilagyi
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Luigi Malavolti
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Institut
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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3
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An Y, Tang X, Wang W, Hao D, Zhao X, Wang M, Ye X, Shan X, Lu X. Spatially Resolved Stimulation for the Controlled Debromination in Single Molecules on a Surface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18592-18600. [PMID: 36066020 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A controlled chemical reaction on a specific bond in a single molecule is an inevitable step toward atomic engineering and fabrication. Here, we explored the debromination of a single 9,10-dibromoanthracene (DBA) molecule on a surface as stimulated by the voltage pulse through the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A voltage threshold of about 2.2 V is obtained, and the nature of single-electron process is revealed. The spatially resolved debromination yield is obtained as a function of the pulse magnitude, which presents strong asymmetry for the two C-Br bonds. The optimal stimulation parameters including the pulse magnitude and the tip locations are suggested. The distinct dynamics in dissociation of the two bonds are illustrated by their energy diagrams and recoil paths, as derived by the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The influence of the local electric field due to the STM tip on the dissociation of the C-Br bond has also been discussed. The study presents detailed practice for the controlled debromination in a single DBA molecule, which may lead to automated atomic engineering and fabrication of artificial nanostructures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiangqian Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dong Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinjia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Muyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xia Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinyan Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Beijing, 100190, China
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4
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Timm MJ, Leung L, Anggara K, Lim T, Hu Z, Latini S, Rubio A, Polanyi JC. Contrasting Efficiency of Electron-Induced Reaction at Cu(110) in Aliphatic and Aromatic Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9453-9459. [PMID: 32329343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a comparative study of the electron-induced reaction of pentyl bromide (PeBr) and phenyl bromide (PhBr) on Cu(110) at 4.6 K, observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The induced dissociation of the intact adsorbed molecule for both reagents occurred at an energy of 2.0 eV, producing a hydrocarbon radical and a Br atom. Electron-induced C-Br bond dissociation was found to be a single-electron process for both reagents. The impulsive two-state (I2S) model was used to describe the Br atom recoil as due to molecular excitation to a repulsive anti-bonding state, in which recoil of the dissociation products occurred due to C·Br repulsion along the prior C-Br bond direction. The measured reaction yield was 3 orders of magnitude greater for PeBr, 2.0 × 10-7 reactive events per electron, than for PhBr with a yield of 1.7 × 10-10. The low yield of dissociation products from the aromatic PhBr was attributed to the presence of two additional anionic states below the 2.0 eV energy limit, absent for the aliphatic PeBr; these additional anionic states for PhBr could provide a pathway for electron transfer to the surface in the case of the aromatic, but not the aliphatic, anion. The consequent shorter lifetime of the repulsive aromatic anion of PhBr is consistent with the observation of shorter mean recoil distance (3.2 Å) of its Br dissociation product, as compared with the markedly longer recoil (8.7 Å) of Br observed from the anion of PeBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Timm
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3H6, Canada
| | - Kelvin Anggara
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3H6, Canada
| | - Tingbin Lim
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3H6, Canada
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3H6, Canada
| | - Simone Latini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3H6, Canada
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5
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Galeotti G, Di Giovannantonio M, Lipton-Duffin J, Ebrahimi M, Tebi S, Verdini A, Floreano L, Fagot-Revurat Y, Perepichka DF, Rosei F, Contini G. The role of halogens in on-surface Ullmann polymerization. Faraday Discuss 2019; 204:453-469. [PMID: 28770938 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00099e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ullmann coupling is the most common approach to form surface-confined one- and two-dimensional conjugated structures from haloaryl derivatives. The dimensions of the formed nanostructures can be controlled by the number and location of halogens within the molecular precursors. Our study illustrates that the type of halogen plays an essential role in the design, orientation, and extent of the surface-confined organometallic and polymeric nanostructures. We performed a comparative analysis of five 1,4-dihalobenzene molecules containing chlorine, bromine, and iodine on Cu(110) using scanning tunneling microscopy, fast-X-ray photoelectron and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. Our experimental data identify different molecular structures, reaction temperatures and kinetics depending on the halogen type. Climbing image nudged elastic band simulations further clarify these observations by providing distinct diffusion paths for each halogen species. We show that in addition to the structure of the building blocks, the halogen type has a direct influence on the morphology of surface-confined polymeric structures based on Ullmann coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galeotti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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6
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Ebeling D, Zhong Q, Schlöder T, Tschakert J, Henkel P, Ahles S, Chi L, Mollenhauer D, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A. Adsorption Structure of Mono- and Diradicals on a Cu(111) Surface: Chemoselective Dehalogenation of 4-Bromo-3″-iodo- p-terphenyl. ACS NANO 2019; 13:324-336. [PMID: 30550265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Selectivity is a key parameter for building customized organic nanostructures via bottom-up approaches. Therefore, strategies are needed that allow connecting molecular entities at a specific stage of the assembly process in a chemoselective manner. Studying the mechanisms of such reactions is the key to apply these transformations for the buildup of organic nanostructures on surfaces. Especially, the knowledge about the precise adsorption geometry of intermediates at different stages during the reaction process and their interactions with surface atoms or adatoms is of fundamental importance, since often catalytic processes are involved. We show the selective dehalogenation of 4-bromo-3″-iodo- p-terphenyl on the Cu(111) surface using bond imaging atomic force microscopy with CO-functionalized tips. The deiodination and debromination reactions are triggered either by heating or by locally applying voltage pulses with the tip. We observed a strong hierarchical behavior of the dehalogenation with respect to temperature and voltage. In connection with first-principles simulations we can determine the orientation and position of the pristine molecules as well as adsorbed mono/diradicals and the halogens. We find that the isolated radicals are chemisorbed to Cu(111) top sites, which are lifted by 16 pm ( meta-position) and 32 pm ( para-position) from the Cu surface plane. This leads to a strongly twisted and bent 3D adsorption structure. After heating, different types of dimers are observed whose molecules are either bound to surface atoms or connected via Cu adatoms. Such knowledge about the intermediate geometry and its interaction with the surface will open the way to rationally design syntheses on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) , Soochow University , 215123 Suzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jalmar Tschakert
- Institute of Applied Physics , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Pascal Henkel
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) , Soochow University , 215123 Suzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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7
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Anggara K, Leung L, Timm MJ, Hu Z, Polanyi JC. Electron-induced molecular dissociation at a surface leads to reactive collisions at selected impact parameters. Faraday Discuss 2019; 214:89-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00137e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A collimated beam of ‘projectiles’ strikes a chemisorbed ‘target’ thereby selecting the impact parameter, achieving an elusive goal of reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Matthew J. Timm
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - John C. Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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8
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Loaiza I, Izmaylov AF. On the breakdown of the Ehrenfest method for molecular dynamics on surfaces. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:214101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5055768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Loaiza
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Artur F. Izmaylov
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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9
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Anggara K, Leung L, Timm MJ, Hu Z, Polanyi JC. Approaching the forbidden fruit of reaction dynamics: Aiming reagent at selected impact parameters. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau2821. [PMID: 30310869 PMCID: PMC6173530 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Collision geometry is central to reaction dynamics. An important variable in collision geometry is the miss-distance between molecules, known as the "impact parameter." This is averaged in gas-phase molecular beam studies. By aligning molecules on a surface prior to electron-induced dissociation, we select impact parameters in subsequent inelastic collisions. Surface-collimated "projectile" molecules, difluorocarbene (CF2), were aimed at stationary "target" molecules characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), with the observed scattering interpreted by computational molecular dynamics. Selection of impact parameters showed that head-on collisions favored bimolecular reaction, whereas glancing collisions led only to momentum transfer. These collimated projectiles could be aimed at the wide variety of adsorbed targets identifiable by STM, with the selected impact parameter assisting in the identification of the collision geometry required for reaction.
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10
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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11
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MacLean O, Huang K, Leung L, Polanyi JC. Direct and Delayed Dynamics in Electron-Induced Surface Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17368-17375. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver MacLean
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C. Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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12
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13
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Anggara K, Huang K, Leung L, Chatterjee A, Cheng F, Polanyi JC. Bond selectivity in electron-induced reaction due to directed recoil on an anisotropic substrate. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13690. [PMID: 27934861 PMCID: PMC5476794 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bond-selective reaction is central to heterogeneous catalysis. In heterogeneous catalysis, selectivity is found to depend on the chemical nature and morphology of the substrate. Here, however, we show a high degree of bond selectivity dependent only on adsorbate bond alignment. The system studied is the electron-induced reaction of meta-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110). Of the adsorbate's C-I bonds, C-I aligned 'Along' the copper row dissociates in 99.3% of the cases giving surface reaction, whereas C-I bond aligned 'Across' the rows dissociates in only 0.7% of the cases. A two-electronic-state molecular dynamics model attributes reaction to an initial transition to a repulsive state of an Along C-I, followed by directed recoil of C towards a Cu atom of the same row, forming C-Cu. A similar impulse on an Across C-I gives directed C that, moving across rows, does not encounter a Cu atom and hence exhibits markedly less reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Avisek Chatterjee
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Fang Cheng
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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14
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Anggara K, Huang K, Leung L, Chatterjee A, Cheng F, Polanyi JC. Clocking Surface Reaction by In-Plane Product Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7377-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Avisek Chatterjee
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Fang Cheng
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C. Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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15
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Cheng F, Leung L, Wang CG, Ji W, Polanyi JC. Retention of chirality in electron-induced reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6115-8. [PMID: 27073075 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00849f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two enantiomers were observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) when meta-iodopyridine was physisorbed on a 4.6 K Cu(110) surface. The chirality of the reagent was retained in the products of the electron-induced reaction. Dynamical calculations showed this to be a consequence of the reaction occurring on one side of the mirror plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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16
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Guo SY, Jenkins SJ, Ji W, Ning Z, Polanyi JC, Sacchi M, Wang CG. Repulsion-Induced Surface-Migration by Ballistics and Bounce. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4093-4098. [PMID: 26722783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The motion of adsorbate molecules across surfaces is fundamental to self-assembly, material growth, and heterogeneous catalysis. Recent Scanning Tunneling Microscopy studies have demonstrated the electron-induced long-range surface-migration of ethylene, benzene, and related molecules, moving tens of Angstroms across Si(100). We present a model of the previously unexplained long-range recoil of chemisorbed ethylene across the surface of silicon. The molecular dynamics reveal two key elements for directed long-range migration: first 'ballistic' motion that causes the molecule to leave the ab initio slab of the surface traveling 3-8 Å above it out of range of its roughness, and thereafter skipping-stone 'bounces' that transport it further to the observed long distances. Using a previously tested Impulsive Two-State model, we predict comparable long-range recoil of atomic chlorine following electron-induced dissociation of chlorophenyl chemisorbed at Cu(110).
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yue Guo
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Stephen J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhanyu Ning
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marco Sacchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Chen-Guang Wang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
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17
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Huang K, Leung L, Lim T, Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Vibrational excitation induces double reaction. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12468-12475. [PMID: 25489788 DOI: 10.1021/nn5053074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced reaction at metal surfaces is currently the subject of extensive study. Here, we broaden the range of experimentation to a comparison of vibrational excitation with electronic excitation, for reaction of the same molecule at the same clean metal surface. In a previous study of electron-induced reaction by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we examined the dynamics of the concurrent breaking of the two C-I bonds of ortho-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110). The energy of the incident electron was near the electronic excitation threshold of E0=1.0 eV required to induce this single-electron process. STM has been employed in the present work to study the reaction dynamics at the substantially lower incident electron energies of 0.3 eV, well below the electronic excitation threshold. The observed increase in reaction rate with current was found to be fourth-order, indicative of multistep reagent vibrational excitation, in contrast to the first-order rate dependence found earlier for electronic excitation. The change in mode of excitation was accompanied by altered reaction dynamics, evidenced by a different pattern of binding of the chemisorbed products to the copper surface. We have modeled these altered reaction dynamics by exciting normal modes of vibration that distort the C-I bonds of the physisorbed reagent. Using the same ab initio ground potential-energy surface as in the prior work on electronic excitation, but with only vibrational excitation of the physisorbed reagent in the asymmetric stretch mode of C-I bonds, we obtained the observed alteration in reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S SH6, Canada
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18
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Dissociative adsorption of CH3X (X = Br and Cl) on a silicon(100) surface revisited by density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:174701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4899841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Cheng F, Ji W, Leung L, Ning Z, Polanyi JC, Wang CG. How adsorbate alignment leads to selective reaction. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8669-8675. [PMID: 25102432 DOI: 10.1021/nn503721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been much interest in the effect of adsorbate alignment in a surface reaction. Here we show its significance for an electron-induced reaction occurring along preferred axes of the asymmetric Cu(110) surface, characterized by directional copper rows. By scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we found that the heterocyclic aromatic reagent, physisorbed meta-iodopyridine, lay with its carbon-iodine either along the rows of Cu(110), "A", or perpendicular, "P". Electron-induced dissociative attachment with the C-I bond initially along "A" gave a chemisorbed I atom and chemisorbed vertical pyridyl, singly surface-bound, whereas that with C-I along "P" gave a chemisorbed I atom and a horizontal pyridyl, doubly bound. An impulsive two-state model, involving a short-lived antibonding state of C-I, accounted for the different product surface binding in terms of closer Cu···Cu atomic spacing along "A" accommodating only one binding site of the pyridyl ring recoiling from I and wider spacing along "P" accommodating simultaneously both binding sites, N-Cu and C-Cu, in the meta-position on the recoiling pyridyl ring. STM studies combined with dynamical modeling can be seen as a way to improve understanding of the role of surface alignment in determining reactive outcomes in induced reaction at asymmetric crystalline surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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20
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Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Catalyzed Surface-Aligned Reaction, H(ad) + H2(ad) = H2(g) + H(ad) on Coinage Metals. Z PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Huang K, Leung L, Lim T, Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Single-electron induces double-reaction by charge delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6220-5. [PMID: 23582020 DOI: 10.1021/ja400612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Injecting an electron by scanning tunneling microscope into a molecule physisorbed at a surface can induce dissociative reaction of one adsorbate bond. Here we show experimentally that a single low-energy electron incident on ortho-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110) preferentially induces reaction of both of the C-I bonds in the adsorbate, with an order-of-magnitude greater efficiency than for comparable cases of single bond breaking. A two-electronic-state model was used to follow the dynamics, first on an anionic potential-energy surface (pes*) and subsequently on the ground state pes. The model led to the conclusion that the two-bond reaction was due to the delocalization of added charge between adjacent halogen-atoms of ortho-diiodobenzene through overlapping antibonding orbitals, in contrast to the cases of para-dihalobenzenes, studied earlier, for which electron-induced reaction severed exclusively a single carbon-halogen bond. The finding that charge delocalization within a single molecule can readily cause concerted two-bond breaking suggests the more general possibility of intra- and also intermolecular charge delocalization resulting in multisite reaction. Intermolecular charge delocalization has recently been proposed by this laboratory to account for reaction in physisorbed molecular chains (Ning, Z.; Polanyi, J. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 320-324).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
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22
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Abstract
The 157th Faraday Discussion represented a historic turning point in the development of the field of reaction dynamics because it concerned itself with how reactions occur in gases, in liquid, and at interfaces. Never before has the attempt been made to unify the various approaches to reaction dynamics in one Faraday Discussion meeting and to discover what language was common and what was special to these previously distinct subdisciplines. This Discussion also marked a maturation of the field of reaction dynamics in that so much emphasis was placed on what the combination of theory and experiment could tell us about the detailed course of chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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23
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Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Charge Delocalization Induces Reaction in Molecular Chains at a Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Charge Delocalization Induces Reaction in Molecular Chains at a Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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