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Freudenberg J, Jänsch D, Hinkel F, Bunz UHF. Immobilization Strategies for Organic Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5598-5689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Felix Hinkel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
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Di Nuzzo D, Kulkarni C, Zhao B, Smolinsky E, Tassinari F, Meskers SCJ, Naaman R, Meijer EW, Friend RH. High Circular Polarization of Electroluminescence Achieved via Self-Assembly of a Light-Emitting Chiral Conjugated Polymer into Multidomain Cholesteric Films. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12713-12722. [PMID: 29182859 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a facile route to obtain high and broad-band circular polarization of electroluminescence in single-layer polymer OLEDs. As a light-emitting material we use a donor-acceptor polyfluorene with enantiomerically pure chiral side-chains. We show that upon thermal annealing the polymer self-assembles into a multidomain cholesteric film. By varying the thickness of the polymer emitting layer, we achieve high levels of circular polarization of electroluminescence (up to 40% excess of right-handed polarization), which are the highest reported for polymer OLEDs not using chiral dopants or alignment layers. Mueller matrix ellipsometry shows strong optical anisotropies in the film, indicating that the circular polarization of luminescence arises mainly after the photon has been generated, through selective scattering and birefringence correlated in the direction of the initial linear polarization of the photon. Our work demonstrates that chirally substituted conjugated polymers can combine photonic and semiconducting properties in advanced optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Nuzzo
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Chidambar Kulkarni
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , PO Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Baodan Zhao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Eilam Smolinsky
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , PO Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , PO Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Kulkarni C, Di Nuzzo D, Meijer EW, Meskers SCJ. Pitch and Handedness of the Cholesteric Order in Films of a Chiral Alternating Fluorene Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11520-11527. [PMID: 29200297 PMCID: PMC6150679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
molecular organization in thermally annealed films of poly(9,9-bis((S)-3,7-dimethyloctyl)-2,7-fluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole)
is investigated using polarized light. Measurement of linear polarization
in transmission and reflection as a function of layer thickness and
orientation directly show a left handed cholesteric organization with
a pitch length of 600 nm. Results are corroborated by measurements
of circularly polarized reflection and generalized ellipsometry and
are compared to calculations of the optical properties based on the
Maugin–Oseen–DeVries model. For wavelengths near the
lowest allowed optical transition, light with the same handedness
as the cholesteric arrangement (left) is found to be reflected and
transmitted with a probability higher than right circularly polarized
light. The high transmission for left polarized light is interpreted
as an optical manifestation of the Borrmann effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambar Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Di Nuzzo
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1 TN, United Kingdom
| | - E W Meijer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Patel YS, Patel HS. Thermoplastic-thermosetting merged polyimides via furan-maleimide Diels–Alder polymerization. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abraham S, Ganesh GPT, Varughese S, Deb B, Joseph J. Cross-Linkable Fluorene-Diphenylamine Derivatives for Electrochromic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25424-25433. [PMID: 26496020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor electrochromic systems based on heat cross-linkable arylamine-substituted fluorene derivatives, FD and FDOMe, are reported. These derivatives with pendant vinyl groups have been synthesized by the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction and were well-characterized using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, ESI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. FD and FDOMe exhibited thermally activated cross-linking above their melting temperatures, which was confirmed through absorption, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) techniques. Cross-linked FD films (FD-X) on ITO showed two reversible redox peaks at 0.74 and 0.91 V (versus Ag/AgCl) that correspond to the formation of radical cations and dications, respectively. The corresponding redox peaks were observed at 0.6 and 0.8 V for cross-linked FDOMe films (FDOMe-X). Spectroelectrochemical studies of the electrochromic films on ITO revealed multicolor electrochromism of FD-X (colorless-yellow-dark cyan) and FDOMe-X (colorless-brick red-blue) with a color contrast of ∼44% at 485 nm for FD-X and ∼63% at 500 nm for FDOMe-X and good switching stability between the neutral and oxidized states (>300 cycles) with low switching voltages (<0.9 V for the first oxidation and <1.3 V for the second oxidation). Furthermore, fabrication of electrochromic devices using FD-X and FDOMe-X on FTO substrate with PMMA-based solid electrolyte was demonstrated, where the devices exhibited reasonably low switching time between the redox states (<30 s) with good optical contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Abraham
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala India
| | - Gayathri Prabhu T Ganesh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala India
| | - Sunil Varughese
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala India
| | - Biswapriya Deb
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
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Patel YS, Patel HS. Synthesis of thermoplastic–thermosetting merged polyimides by use of the Diels–Alder reaction. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davis AR, Carter KR. Controlling Optoelectronic Behavior in Poly(fluorene) Networks Using Thiol–Ene Photo-Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5014226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Davis
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Carter
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Rao V, Navath S, Kottur M, McElhanon JR, McGrath DV. An efficient reverse Diels–Alder approach for the synthesis of N-alkyl bismaleimides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Altınok E, Friedle S, Thomas SW. Furan-Containing Singlet Oxygen-Responsive Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3025656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Altınok
- Department
of Chemistry, , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford,
Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Simone Friedle
- Department
of Chemistry, , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford,
Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford,
Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Gandini A. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction: A versatile click–unclick tool in macromolecular synthesis. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lee JF, Chen HL, Lee GS, Tseng SC, Lin MH, Liau WB. Photosensized controlling benzyl methacrylate-based matrix enhanced Eu(3+) narrow-band emission for fluorescence applications. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3718-3737. [PMID: 22489178 PMCID: PMC3317738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study synthesized a europium (Eu3+) complex Eu(DBM)3Cl-MIP (DBM = dibenzoyl methane; Cl-MIP = 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) dispersed in a benzyl methacrylate (BMA) monomer and treated with ultraviolet (UV) light for polymerization. Spectral results showed that the europium complex containing an antenna, Cl-MIP, which had higher triplet energy into the Eu3+ energy level, was an energetically enhanced europium emission. Typical stacking behaviors of π–π interactions between the ligands and the Eu3+-ion were analyzed using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Regarding the luminescence performance of this europium composite, the ligand/defect emission was suppressed by dispersion in a poly-BMA (PBMA) matrix. The underlying mechanism of the effective enhancement of the pure Eu3+ emission was attributed to the combined effects of structural modifications, defect emissions, and carrier charge transfer. Fluorescence spectra were compared to the composite of optimized Eu3+ emission where they were subsequently chelated to four metal ions via carboxylate groups on the BMA unit. The optical enhanced europium composite clearly demonstrated highly efficient optical responses and is, therefore a promising application as an optical detection material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Fong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-F.L.); (H.-L.C.); (S.-C.T.)
| | - Hsuen-Li Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-F.L.); (H.-L.C.); (S.-C.T.)
| | - Geneh-Siang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shao-Chin Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-F.L.); (H.-L.C.); (S.-C.T.)
| | - Mei-Hsiang Lin
- College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.-H.L.); (W.-B.L.); Tel.: +886-2-7361661 (ext.6138) (M.-H.L.); +886-2-33661318 (W.-B.L.); Fax: +886-2-2231-1412 (M.-H.L.); +886-2-23634562 (W.-B.L.)
| | - Wen-Bin Liau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-F.L.); (H.-L.C.); (S.-C.T.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.-H.L.); (W.-B.L.); Tel.: +886-2-7361661 (ext.6138) (M.-H.L.); +886-2-33661318 (W.-B.L.); Fax: +886-2-2231-1412 (M.-H.L.); +886-2-23634562 (W.-B.L.)
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