POSS-Based Electrolyte for Efficient Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells at Sub-Zero Temperatures

To expand the application of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) to low temperatures, it is necessary to develop new solid electrolytes with low glass transition temperature (Tg). The Tg is regulated by varying the length of alkyl chain that is connected with the nitrogen atom in the imidazolium ring linked to the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). The Tg as low as -8.8 °C is achieved with the POSS grafted with methyl-substituted imidazolium. The effect of alkyl group on the conductivity, Tg, and photovoltaic performance has also been investigated. The conductivity and power conversion efficiency increase with the alkyl length, while the Tg first increases and then decreases with the alkyl length. Among the synthesized POSS-based ionic conductors, the POSS grafted with the methyl-substituted imidazolium yields the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.98% at RT due to its highest conductivity, and the efficiency (6.52%) is still good at -4 °C, as its Tg (-8.8 °C) is lower than the working temperature (-4 °C). This finding suggests that the POSS-based solid electrolyte is promising for subzero-temperature applications of ssDSSCs.

50 nm sized spherical TiO2 nanocrystals for highly efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

Single crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with spherical morphology are successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction under basic conditions. TiO2 NPs, selectively controlled to the sizes of 30, 40, 50, and 65 nm, are then applied to a mesoporous photoelectrode of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells. In particular, a spherical TiO2 NP of 50 nm size (NP50) offers the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.19%, with JSC of 21.58 mA cm(-2), VOC of 1049 mV, and FF of 0.759 while the enhancement of PCE mainly arises from the increase of VOC and FF. Furthermore, the fabricated photovoltaic devices exhibit reproducible PCE values and very little hysteresis in their J-V curves. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurement and pulsed light-induced transient measurement of the photocurrent indicate that the device employing NP50 exhibits the longest electron lifetime although the electron injection from perovskite to TiO2 is less efficient than the devices with smaller TiO2 NPs. The extended electron lifetime is attributed to the suppression of electron recombination due to optimized mesopores generated by the spherical NP50.

Inorganic nanoparticle multilayers using photo-crosslinking layer-by-layer assembly and their applications in nonvolatile memory devices

We introduce a general and facile method for the preparation of organic/inorganic nanoparticle (NP) nanocomposite multilayer films that allows vertical growth of various NP layers (i.e., metal or transition metal oxide NPs) in a densely packed structure. Our approach is based on the successive photo-crosslinking layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly between hydrophobic ligands onto a NP surface and photoinitiator (PI) molecules. Therefore, our approach requires neither the additional surface modification needed for well-defined NPs synthesized in organic media nor the deposition step that inserts a polymer layer bridge between adjacent inorganic NP layers in the preparation of traditional LbL-assembled NP films. We also demonstrate that photo-crosslinking LbL-assembled (metal oxide NP)n films could be used as a nonvolatile memory layer without a high-temperature thermal treatment, unlike conventional vacuum-deposition- or sol-gel-derived memory devices, which require thermal treatments at temperatures greater than 200 °C. This robust method could open a facile route for the design of functional NP-based electronic devices.

Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of interlayer diffusion in polyelectrolyte multilayers

Functional organic thin films often demand precise control over the nanometer-level structure. Interlayer diffusion of materials may destroy this precise structure; therefore, a better understanding of when interlayer diffusion occurs and how to control it is needed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy paired with C60(+) cluster ion sputtering enables high-resolution analysis of the atomic composition and chemical state of organic thin films with depth. Using this technique, we explore issues common to the polyelectrolyte multilayer field, such as the competition between hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in multilayers, blocking interlayer diffusion of polymers, the exchange of film components with a surrounding solution, and the extent and kinetics of interlayer diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of chitosan (M = ∼100 kDa) in swollen hydrogen-bonded poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayer films was examined and determined to be 1.4*10(-12) cm(2)/s. Using the high-resolution data, we show that upon chitosan diffusion into the hydrogen-bonded region, poly(ethylene oxide) is displaced from the film. Under the conditions tested, a single layer of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) completely stops chitosan diffusion. We expect our results to enhance the understanding of how to control polyelectrolyte multilayer structure, what chemical compositional changes occur with diffusion, and under what conditions polymers in the film exchange with the solution.