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Shankar S, Kumar Y, Chauhan D, Sharma N, Chandra R, Kumar S. Nanodot zirconium trisulfide modified conducting thread: A smart substrate for fabrication of next generation biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115722. [PMID: 37806017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In present work, we report an eco-friendly, flexible and highly conducting cotton thread (CT) as a smart substrate for the development of biosensing platform towards ultrasensitive detection of swine flu serum amyloid A (SAA) biomarker. The biosensor was fabricated by optimized coating of CT with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductive ink followed by incorporation of nanodot zirconium trisulfide (nZrS3) which helped in enhancing the electrochemical properties and improving stability of PEDOT:PSS polymeric film. The fabricated nZrS3/PEDOT:PSS/CT electrode was then used for sequential immobilization of monoclonal antibodies of SAA (anti-SAA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The synthesized nanomaterials and fabricated electrodes were characterized through X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and contact angle analyser techniques. The electrochemical response of the fabricated smart thread based biosensor (BSA/anti-SAA/ZrS3/PEDOT:PSS/CT) was recorded against SAA using chronoamperometry technique which revealed superior sensitivity {30.2 μA [log (μg mL-1)]-1 cm-2}, excellent lower detection limit (0.72 ng mL-1) and prolonged shelf life up to 48 days. The response of the biosensor was also validated by analysing the electrochemical response of SAA spiked serum samples and the obtained results showed good correlation with that of standard samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Shankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Dipti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Neera Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Maharaja Surajmal Brij University, Kumher, Bharatpur, 321201, India.
| | - Suveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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2
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Shankar S, Kumar Y, Chauhan D, Tiwari P, Sharma N, Chandra R, Kumar S. Nanodot Zirconium Trisulfide based Highly Efficient Biosensor for Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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3
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Guo T, Wang C, Xu P, Feng C, Si S, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Shi M, Yang F, Wang J, Zhang Y. Effects of the Structure of TiO 2 Nanotube Arrays on Its Catalytic Activity for Microbial Fuel Cell. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1800084. [PMID: 31565376 PMCID: PMC6498118 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the microbial fuel cell (MFC) for wastewater treatment and chemical oxygen demand degradation, TiO2 nanotubes arrays (TNA) are successfully synthesized on Ti foil substrate by the anodization process in HF and NH4F solution, respectively (hereafter, denoted as TNA-HF and TNA-NF). The differences between the two kinds of TNA are revealed based on their morphologies and spectroscopic characterizations. It should be highlighted that 3D TNA-NF with an appropriate dimension can make a positive contribution to the high photocatalytic activity. In comparison with the TNA-HF, the 3D TNA-NF sample exhibits a significant enhancement in current generation as the MFC anode. In particular, the TNA-NF performs nearly 1.23 times higher than the TNA-HF, and near twofold higher than the carbon felt. It is found that the two kinds of TiO2-based anodes have different conductivities and corrosion potentials, which are responsible for the difference in their current generation performances. Based on the experimental results, excellent stability, reliability, and low cost, TNA-NF can be considered a promising and scalable MFC bioanode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Changzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Cuimin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Shuai Si
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Laboratory for Micro‐sized Functional MaterialsCollege of Elementary EducationCapital Normal UniversityBeijing100048P. R. China
| | - Mengtong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Fengnan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water EnvironmentMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083P. R. China
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da Silva ETSG, Souto DEP, Barragan JTC, de F. Giarola J, de Moraes ACM, Kubota LT. Electrochemical Biosensors in Point-of-Care Devices: Recent Advances and Future Trends. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Everson T. S. G. da Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Dênio E. P. Souto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - José T. C. Barragan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Juliana de F. Giarola
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Ana C. M. de Moraes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry -; State University of Campinas - Unicamp; P.O. Box 6154 13084-974 Campinas-SP Brazil
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Shu Y, Chen J, Xu Q, Wei Z, Liu F, Lu R, Xu S, Hu X. MoS2 nanosheet–Au nanorod hybrids for highly sensitive amperometric detection of H2O2 in living cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1446-1453. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MoS2–Au hybrids were utilized to construct a sensitive H2O2 electrochemical biosensor for the determination of H2O2 released from living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Zhen Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Fengping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Rui Lu
- Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
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Ray C, Dutta S, Roy A, Sahoo R, Pal T. Redox mediated synthesis of hierarchical Bi2O3/MnO2 nanoflowers: a non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensor. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:4780-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox mediated synthesis of Bi2O3/MnO2 nanoflowers for efficient electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide down to 0.05 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiti Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Soumen Dutta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Anindita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Ramkrishna Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Tarasankar Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
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Srivastava S, Kumar V, Arora K, Singh C, Ali MA, Puri NK, Malhotra BD. Antibody conjugated metal nanoparticle decorated graphene sheets for a mycotoxin sensor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed rGO–Ni NPs based immunosensor utilized for aflatoxin B1 detection indicates high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi-110042
- India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva-84105
- Israel
| | - Kamal Arora
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi-110042
- India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Nitin K. Puri
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi-110042
- India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
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Xu Q, Tang J, Shen Y, Jin L, Hu X. Hierarchical porous TiO2 fabricated from magnolia grandiflora petals templates for the immobilization and electrical wiring of proteins. Talanta 2015; 144:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Singh N, Reza KK, Ali MA, Agrawal VV, Biradar A. Self assembled DC sputtered nanostructured rutile TiO 2 platform for bisphenol A detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:633-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Zhang S, Han L, Hou C, Li C, Lang Q, Han L, Liu A. Novel glucose sensor with Au@Ag heterogeneous nanorods based on electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at negative potential. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yin T, Lin Z, Su L, Yuan C, Fu D. Preparation of vertically oriented TiO2 nanosheets modified carbon paper electrode and its enhancement to the performance of MFCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:400-408. [PMID: 25474129 DOI: 10.1021/am506360x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A unique vertically oriented TiO2 nanosheets (TiO2-NSs) layer was synthesized in situ on the surface of a carbon paper (CP) electrode via hydrothermal synthesis upon addition of a suitable amount of activated carbon powders in a reactor. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed that the nanosheets were about 2 μm in length, 200-600 nm in width and 15 nm in thickness. X-ray diffraction and Raman patterns verified TiO2-NSs crystallized in the anatase phase. The electrochemical activities of CP and TiO2-NSs/CP electrode have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The maximum power output density of a mixed consortia inoculated microbial fuel cell was increased by 63% upon using TiO2-NSs/CP as a bioanode compared with that using bare CP as a bioanode. The performance improvement could be ascribed to unique 3D open porous interface made of vertically oriented TiO2-NSs, which provides good biocompatibility, favorable mass transport process, large surface areas for adhension of bacteria and direct pathways for electron movement to the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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12
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Warriner K, Reddy SM, Namvar A, Neethirajan S. Developments in nanoparticles for use in biosensors to assess food safety and quality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Ali MA, Srivastava S, Mondal K, Chavhan PM, Agrawal VV, John R, Sharma A, Malhotra BD. A surface functionalized nanoporous titania integrated microfluidic biochip. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13958-13969. [PMID: 25316118 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel and efficient nanoporous microfluidic biochip consisting of a functionalized chitosan/anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles (antTiO2-CH) electrode integrated in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel assembly. The electrode surface can be enzyme functionalized depending on the application. We studied in detail cholesterol sensing using the cholesterol esterase (ChEt) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) functionalized chitosan supported mesoporous antTiO2-CH microfluidic electrode. The available functional groups present in the nanoporous antTiO2-CH surface in this microfluidic biochip can play an important role for enzyme functionalization, which has been quantified by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic technique. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) studies are used to quantify the specific surface area and nanopore size distribution of titania nanoparticles with and without chitosan. Point defects in antTiO2 can increase the heterogeneous electron transfer constant between the electrode and enzyme active sites, resulting in improved electrochemical behaviour of the microfluidic biochip. The impedimetric response of the nanoporous microfluidic biochip (ChEt-ChOx/antTiO2-CH) shows a high sensitivity of 6.77 kΩ (mg dl(-1))(-1) in the range of 2-500 mg dl(-1), a low detection limit of 0.2 mg dl(-1), a low Michaelis-Menten constant of 1.3 mg dl(-1) and a high selectivity. This impedimetric microsystem has enormous potential for clinical diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India.
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Determination of quercetin using a photo-electrochemical sensor modified with titanium dioxide and a platinum(II)-porphyrin complex. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Tiwari DC, Atri P, Sharma R. Electronic properties of polypyrrole based TiO 2nanofiber composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka Atri
- SOS Physics; Jiwaji University; Gwalior 474011 India
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16
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Zhao D, Wang Z, Wang J, Xu C. The nanoporous PdCr alloy as a nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide and glucose. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5195-5201. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The nanoporous PdCr alloy fabricated by one-step mild dealloying exhibits superior sensing performance and durability toward H2O2 and glucose compared to Pt/C and NP-Pd catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan, China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan, China
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Xu Q, Jin L, Cai L, Yang Z, Hu X. Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase based on hierarchical porous calcium phosphate microspheres. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Li Q, Cheng K, Weng W, Du P, Han G. Titanium dioxide nanorod-based amperometric sensor for highly sensitive enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
TiO2has large potential ability in Lithium-ion batteries due to its high energy density and safety. The main reasons that limit the performance of TiO2electrode is its low real capacity which caused by poor conductivity and other factors. Varying bulk TiO2materials to nanoscale is believed a promising method as it could increase Li insertion sites, short the ions diffusion distance and enhance the kinetics. In addition, doping heterogeneous elements or compositing other conductivity materials could enable TiO2to improve electron transfer ability. In this paper, we reviewed the electrochemical performance of some nanostructured TiO2and analyzed the merits and weaknesses. Some challenges and perspectives for future research were also discussed.
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Srivastava S, Kumar V, Ali MA, Solanki PR, Srivastava A, Sumana G, Saxena PS, Joshi AG, Malhotra BD. Electrophoretically deposited reduced graphene oxide platform for food toxin detection. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3043-3051. [PMID: 23463146 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr32242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) due to its excellent electrochemical properties and large surface area, has recently aroused much interest for electrochemical biosensing application. Here, the chemically active RGO has been synthesized and deposited onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate by the electrophoretic deposition technique. This novel platform has been utilized for covalent attachment of the monoclonal antibodies of aflatoxin B1 (anti-AFB1) for food toxin (AFB1) detection. The electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-visible studies reveal successful synthesis of reduced graphene oxide while the XPS and FTIR studies suggest its carboxylic functionalized nature. The electrochemical sensing results of the anti-AFB1/RGO/ITO based immunoelectrode obtained as a function of aflatoxin concentration show high sensitivity (68 μA ng(-1) mL cm(-2)) and improved detection limit (0.12 ng mL(-1)). The association constant (ka) for antigen-antibody interaction obtained as 5 × 10(-4) ng mL(-1) indicates high affinity of antibodies toward the antigen (AFB1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Science and Technology, Center on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
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