Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Principles, Applications, and Perspectives

Heterogeneous interfaces that are ubiquitous in optoelectronic devices play a key role in the device performance and have led to the prosperity of today's microelectronics. Interface engineering provides an effective and promising approach to enhancing the device performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and even developing new functions. In fact, researchers from different disciplines have devoted considerable attention to this concept, which has started to evolve from simple improvement of the device performance to sophisticated construction of novel functionalities, indicating great potential for further applications in broad areas ranging from integrated circuits and energy conversion to catalysis and chemical/biological sensors. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of current efficient approaches developed for building various delicate functional interfaces in OFETs, including interfaces within the semiconductor layers, semiconductor/electrode interfaces, semiconductor/dielectric interfaces, and semiconductor/environment interfaces. We also highlight the major contributions and new concepts of integrating molecular functionalities into electrical circuits, which have been neglected in most previous reviews. This review will provide a fundamental understanding of the interplay between the molecular structure, assembly, and emergent functions at the molecular level and consequently offer novel insights into designing a new generation of multifunctional integrated circuits and sensors toward practical applications.

Enhanced biocompatibility in poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based organic thin-film transistors upon blending with poly(2-(2-acetoxyacetyl)ethyl methacrylate)

Polymer blends with both biocompatibility and OTFT characteristics are developed by mixing a biocompatible polymer, PHEMAAA and a conducting polymer, P3HT at different weight ratios (i.e. P3HT/PHEMAAA = 75/25, 50/50, 25/75).

25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress

Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.

Cross-linked functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofibers with tunable excitonic coupling

We show that mechanically and chemically robust functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers can be made via chemical cross-linking. Dramatically different photophysical properties are observed depending on the choice of functionalizing moiety and cross-linking strategy. Starting with two different nanofiber families formed from (a) P3HT-b-P3MT or (b) P3HT-b-P3ST diblock copolymers, cross-linking to form robust nanowire structures was readily achieved by either a third-party cross-linking agent (hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI) which links methoxy side chains on the P3MT system, or direct disulfide cross-link for the P3ST system. Although the nanofiber families have similar gross structure (and almost identical pre-cross-linked absorption spectra), they have completely different photophysics as signaled by ensemble and single nanofiber wavelength- and time-resolved photoluminescence as well as transient absorption (visible and near-IR) probes. For the P3ST diblock nanofibers, excitonic coupling appears to be essentially unchanged before and after cross-linking. In contrast, cross-linked P3MT nanofibers show photoluminescence similar in electronic origin, vibronic structure, and lifetime to unaggregated P3HT molecules, e.g., dissolved in an inert polymer matrix, suggesting almost complete extinction of excitonic coupling. We hypothesize that the different photophysical properties can be understood from structural perturbations resulting from the cross-linking: For the P3MT system, the DIC linker induces a high degree of strain on the P3HT aggregate block, thus disrupting both intra- and interchain coupling. For the P3ST system, the spatial extent of the cross-linking is approximately commensurate with the interlamellar spacing, resulting in a minimally perturbed aggregate structure.