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Wieser P, Moser D, Gollas B, Amenitsch H. Monitoring of Pore Orientation by in Operando Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering during Templated Electrodeposition of Mesoporous Pt Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47604-47614. [PMID: 37769130 PMCID: PMC10571001 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
We have used in operando grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to monitor structural changes during templated electrodeposition of mesoporous platinum films on gold electrodes from a ternary lyotropic liquid crystalline mixture of aqueous hexachloroplatinic acid and the diblock copolymer surfactant Brij56. While the cylindrical micelles of the lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) in the hexagonal phase have a center-to-center distance of 7.5 nm with a preferential alignment parallel to the electrode surface, the electrodeposited platinum films contain highly ordered mesopores arranged in a 2D hexagonal structure, with a center-to-center distance of about 8.5 nm and a preferential orientation perpendicular to the electrode surface. The progression of structural changes of the LLC template and the deposited mesoporous Pt could be monitored for the first time in operando by GISAXS: within the first 14 s of deposition, a nucleation burst of Pt coincides with a loss of preferential alignment of the LLC. Initially, the morphology of the 2-dimensionally nucleated Pt replicates the Au substrate. During the following 5 to 7 min, the growth morphology of the Pt film changes, and vertically aligned mesopores form. Our results indicate mutual interaction between the species involved in the electrodeposition and the LLC template, leading to a partial loss of horizontal orientation of the LLC during Pt nucleation before vertical rearrangement of the micelles to the electrode surface. The vertically aligned mesopores in the Pt and the possibility to produce freestanding films make these materials interesting in fields such as electrocatalysis, energy harvesting, and nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp
Aldo Wieser
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University
of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David Moser
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University
of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
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Zhang Y, Dong R, Gabinet UR, Poling-Skutvik R, Kim NK, Lee C, Imran OQ, Feng X, Osuji CO. Rapid Fabrication by Lyotropic Self-Assembly of Thin Nanofiltration Membranes with Uniform 1 Nanometer Pores. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8192-8203. [PMID: 33729764 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials with precisely defined and water-bicontinuous 1-nm-scale pores are highly sought after as advanced materials for next-generation nanofiltration membranes. While several self-assembled systems appear to satisfy this need, straightforward fabrication of such materials as submicron films with high-fidelity retention of their ordered nanostructure represents a nontrivial challenge. We report the development of a lyotropic liquid crystal mesophase that addresses the aforementioned issue. Films as thin as ∼200 nm are prepared on conventional support membranes using solution-based methods. Within these films, the system is composed of a hexagonally ordered array of ∼3 nm diameter cylinders of cross-linked polymer, embedded in an aqueous medium. The cylinders are uniformly oriented in the plane of the film, providing a transport-limiting dimension of ∼1 nm, associated with the space between the outer surfaces of nearest-neighbor cylinders. These membranes exhibit molecular weight cutoffs of ∼300 Da for organic solutes and are effective in rejecting dissolved salts, and in particular, divalent species, while exhibiting water permeabilities that rival or exceed current state-of-the-art commercial nanofiltration membranes. These materials have the ability to address a broad range of nanofiltration applications, while structure-property considerations suggest several avenues for potential performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ruiqi Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Uri R Gabinet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ryan Poling-Skutvik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Na Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Changyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Omar Q Imran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xunda Feng
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Wang G, Garvey CJ, Zhao H, Huang K, Kong L. Toward the Fabrication of Advanced Nanofiltration Membranes by Controlling Morphologies and Mesochannel Orientations of Hexagonal Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:membranes7030037. [PMID: 28753973 PMCID: PMC5618122 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity has been recognized as one of the major threats to human activity, and, therefore, water purification technologies are increasingly drawing attention worldwide. Nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology has been proven to be an efficient and cost-effective way in terms of the size and continuity of the nanostructure. Using a template based on hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) and partitioning monomer units within this structure for subsequent photo-polymerisation presents a unique path for the fabrication of NF membranes, potentially producing pores of uniform size, ranging from 1 to 5 nm, and large surface areas. The subsequent orientation of this pore network in a direction normal to a flat polymer film that provides ideal transport properties associated with continuous pores running through the membrane has been achieved by the orientation of hexagonal LLCs through various strategies. This review presents the current progresses on the strategies for structure retention from a hexagonal LLCs template and the up-to-date techniques used for the reorientation of mesochanels for continuity through the whole membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong 3220, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Garvey
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC 2232, Australia.
| | - Han Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Kang Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong 3220, Australia.
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Giese M, Blusch LK, Khan MK, MacLachlan MJ. Functional Materials from Cellulose-Derived Liquid-Crystal Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2888-910. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Giese M, Blusch LK, Khan MK, MacLachlan MJ. Funktionsmaterialien mit Cellulose-basierten Flüssigkristall-Templaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Khan MK, Hamad WY, Maclachlan MJ. Tunable mesoporous bilayer photonic resins with chiral nematic structures and actuator properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2323-8. [PMID: 24446312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chiral nematic structures with different helical pitch from layer to layer are embedded into phenol-formaldehyde bilayer resin composite films using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as templates. Selective removal of CNCs results in mesoporous resins with different pore size and helical pitch between the layers. Consequently, these materials exhibit photonic properties by selectively reflecting lights of two different wavelengths and concomitant actuation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostofa K Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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