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Seo SW, Song Y, Mustakim N. Hydrogel Micropillar Array for Temperature Sensing in Fluid. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2023; 23:19021-19027. [PMID: 37664783 PMCID: PMC10471143 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2023.3293433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Localized temperature sensing and control on a micron-scale have diverse applications in biological systems. We present a micron-sized hydrogel pillar array as potential temperature probes and actuators by exploiting sensitive temperature dependence of their volume change. Soft lithography-based molding processes were presented to fabricate poly N-isopropyl acrylamide (p-NIPAAm)-based hydrogel pillar array on a glass substrate. Au nanorods as light-induced heating elements were embedded within the hydrogel pillars, and near-infrared (NIR) light was used to modulate temperature in a local area. First, static responses of the micro-pillar array were characterized as a function of its temperature. It was shown that the hydrogel had a sensitive volume transition near its low critical solution temperature (LCST). Furthermore, we showed that LCST could be readily adjusted by utilizing copolymerizing with acrylamide (AAM). To demonstrate the feasibility of spatiotemporal temperature mapping and modulation using the presented pillar array, pulsed NIR light was illuminated on a local area of the hydrogel pillar array, and its responses were recorded. Dynamic temperature change in water was mapped based on the abrupt volume change characteristics of the hydrogel pillar, and its potential actuation using NIR light was successfully demonstrated. Considering that the structure can be arrayed in a two-dimensional pixel format with high spatial resolution and high sensitive temperature characteristics, the presented method and the device structure can have diverse applications to change and sense local temperatures in liquid. This is particularly useful in biological systems, where their physiological temperature can be modulated and mapped with high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Youngsik Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Nafis Mustakim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York, NY 10031 USA
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Encapsulation of Dual Emitting Giant Quantum Dots in Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Ratiometric Temperature Nanosensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurate temperature measurements with a high spatial resolution for application in the biomedical fields demand novel nanosized thermometers with new advanced properties. Here, a water dispersible ratiometric temperature sensor is fabricated by encapsulating in silica nanoparticles, organic capped PbS@CdS@CdS “giant” quantum dots (GQDs), characterized by dual emission in the visible and near infrared spectral range, already assessed as efficient fluorescent nanothermometers. The chemical stability, easy surface functionalization, limited toxicity and transparency of the silica coating represent advantageous features for the realization of a nanoscale heterostructure suitable for temperature sensing. However, the strong dependence of the optical properties on the morphology of the final core–shell nanoparticle requires an accurate control of the encapsulation process. We carried out a systematic investigation of the synthetic conditions to achieve, by the microemulsion method, uniform and single core silica coated GQD (GQD@SiO2) nanoparticles and subsequently recorded temperature-dependent fluorescent spectra in the 281-313 K temperature range, suited for biological systems. The ratiometric response—the ratio between the two integrated PbS and CdS emission bands—is found to monotonically decrease with the temperature, showing a sensitivity comparable to bare GQDs, and thus confirming the effectiveness of the functionalization strategy and the potential of GQD@SiO2 in future biomedical applications.
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Yang J, Li BQ, Li R, Mei X. Quantum 3D thermal imaging at the micro-nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2249-2263. [PMID: 30656329 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and accurate measurement of three-dimensional (3D) temperature field gradient maps of cells and tissues would provide an effective experimental method for analyzing the coupled correlation between metabolism and heat, as well as exploring the thermodynamic properties of nanoparticles under complex environments. In this work, a new principle of quantum 3D thermal imaging is proposed. The photoluminescence principle of quantum dots is expounded and CdTe QDs are prepared by aqueous phase synthesis. Fluorescence spectral characteristics of QDs at different temperatures are studied. The optimized algorithm of the optical spot double helix point spread function is proposed to improve the imaging, where optimized light energy increased by 27.36%. The design scheme of a quantum 3D thermal imaging system is presented. The measurement range is (-8 mm, +8 mm). The temperature is calculated according to the temperature-heat curve of quantum dots. The double helix point spread function has converted the defocus distance of QDs into the rotation angle of the double optical spot, thereby determining its position. The experimental results reveal that real-time 3D tracking and temperature measurements of quantum dots at the micro-nanoscale are achieved. Overall, the proposed nano-scale 3D quantum thermal imaging system with high-resolution may provide a new research direction and exploration of many frontier fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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Chern M, Kays JC, Bhuckory S, Dennis AM. Sensing with photoluminescent semiconductor quantum dots. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:012005. [PMID: 30530939 PMCID: PMC7233465 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aaf6f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensors benefit from high signal-to-noise and multiple measurement modalities, enabling a multitude of applications and flexibility of design. Semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) are excellent fluorophores for sensors because of their extraordinary optical properties. They have high thermal and photochemical stability compared to organic dyes or fluorescent proteins and are extremely bright due to their large molar cross-sections. In contrast to organic dyes, QD emission profiles are symmetric, with relatively narrow bandwidths. In addition, the size tunability of their emission color, which is a result of quantum confinement, make QDs exceptional emitters with high color purity from the ultra-violet to near infrared wavelength range. The role of QDs in sensors ranges from simple fluorescent tags, as used in immunoassays, to intrinsic sensors that utilize the inherent photophysical response of QDs to fluctuations in temperature, electric field, or ion concentration. In more complex configurations, QDs and biomolecular recognition moieties like antibodies are combined with a third component to modulate the optical signal via energy transfer. QDs can act as donors, acceptors, or both in energy transfer-based sensors using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET), or charge or electron transfer. The changes in both spectral response and photoluminescent lifetimes have been successfully harnessed to produce sensitive sensors and multiplexed devices. While technical challenges related to biofunctionalization and the high cost of laboratory-grade fluorimeters have thus far prevented broad implementation of QD-based sensing in clinical or commercial settings, improvements in bioconjugation methods and detection schemes, including using simple consumer devices like cell phone cameras, are lowering the barrier to broad use of more sensitive QD-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Chern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
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Jagannadh VK, Mackenzie MD, Pal P, Kar AK, Gorthi SS. Slanted channel microfluidic chip for 3D fluorescence imaging of cells in flow. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:22144-22158. [PMID: 27661949 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cellular imaging techniques have become indispensable tools in biological research and medical diagnostics. Conventional 3D imaging approaches employ focal stack collection to image different planes of the cell. In this work, we present the design and fabrication of a slanted channel microfluidic chip for 3D fluorescence imaging of cells in flow. The approach employs slanted microfluidic channels fabricated in glass using ultrafast laser inscription. The slanted nature of the microfluidic channels ensures that samples come into and go out of focus, as they pass through the microscope imaging field of view. This novel approach enables the collection of focal stacks in a straight-forward and automated manner, even with off-the-shelf microscopes that are not equipped with any motorized translation/rotation sample stages. The presented approach not only simplifies conventional focal stack collection, but also enhances the capabilities of a regular widefield fluorescence microscope to match the features of a sophisticated confocal microscope. We demonstrate the retrieval of sectioned slices of microspheres and cells, with the use of computational algorithms to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the collected raw images. The retrieved sectioned images have been used to visualize fluorescent microspheres and bovine sperm cell nucleus in 3D while using a regular widefield fluorescence microscope. We have been able to achieve sectioning of approximately 200 slices per cell, which corresponds to a spatial translation of ∼ 15 nm per slice along the optical axis of the microscope.
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Kalytchuk S, Zhovtiuk O, Kershaw SV, Zbořil R, Rogach AL. Temperature-Dependent Exciton and Trap-Related Photoluminescence of CdTe Quantum Dots Embedded in a NaCl Matrix: Implication in Thermometry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:466-476. [PMID: 26618345 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent optical studies of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are fundamentally important for a variety of sensing and imaging applications. The steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence properties of CdTe QDs in the size range from 2.3 to 3.1 nm embedded into a protective matrix of NaCl are studied as a function of temperature from 80 to 360 K. The temperature coefficient is found to be strongly dependent on QD size, with the highest sensitivity obtained for the smallest size of QDs. The emission from solid-state CdTe QD-based powders is maintained with high color purity over a wide range of temperatures. Photoluminescence lifetime data suggest that temperature dependence of the intrinsic radiative lifetime in CdTe QDs is rather weak, and it is mostly the temperature-dependent nonradiative decay of CdTe QDs which is responsible for the thermal quenching of photoluminescence intensity. By virtue of the temperature-dependent photoluminescence behavior, high color purity, photostability, and high photoluminescence quantum yield (26%-37% in the solid state), CdTe QDs embedded in NaCl matrices are useful solid-state probes for thermal imaging and sensing over a wide range of temperatures within a number of detection schemes and outstanding sensitivity, such as luminescence thermochromic imaging, ratiometric luminescence, and luminescence lifetime thermal sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Kalytchuk
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Zhovtiuk
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Stephen V Kershaw
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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del Rosal B, Sun C, Yan Y, Mackenzie MD, Lu C, Bettiol AA, Kar AK, Jaque D. Flow effects in the laser-induced thermal loading of optical traps and optofluidic devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23938-54. [PMID: 25321971 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Flow effects on the thermal loading in different optofluidic systems (optical trap and various microfluidic channels) have been systematically explored by using dye-based ratiometric luminescence thermometry. Thermal images obtained by fluorescence microscopy demonstrate that the flow rate plays a key role in determining both the magnitude of the laser-induced temperature increment and its spatial distribution. Numerical simulations were performed in the case of the optical trap. A good agreement between the experimental results and those predicted by mathematical modelling was observed. It has also been found that the dynamics of thermal loading is strongly influenced by the presence of fluid flow.
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Maestro LM, Haro-González P, del Rosal B, Ramiro J, Caamaño AJ, Carrasco E, Juarranz A, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Solé JG, Jaque D. Heating efficiency of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the first and second biological windows. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7882-7889. [PMID: 23852326 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01398g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot based-thermometry, in combination with double beam confocal microscopy and infrared thermal imaging, has been used to investigate the heating efficiency of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under optical excitation within the first (808 nm) and second (1090 nm) biological windows as well as in the spectral region separating them (980 nm). It has been found that for the three excitation wavelengths the heating efficiency of MWCNTs (10 nm in diameter and 1.5 μm in length) is close to 50%. Despite this "flat" heating efficiency, we have found that the excitation wavelength is, indeed, critical during in vivo experiments due to the spectral dependence of both tissue absorption and scattering coefficients. It has been concluded that efficiency and selectivity of in vivo photothermal treatments based on MWCNTs are simultaneously optimized when laser irradiation lies within the first or second biological window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez Maestro
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Brites CDS, Lima PP, Silva NJO, Millán A, Amaral VS, Palacio F, Carlos LD. Ratiometric highly sensitive luminescent nanothermometers working in the room temperature range. Applications to heat propagation in nanofluids. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7572-7580. [PMID: 23835484 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02335d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for accurate, non-invasive and self-reference temperature measurements as technology progresses into the nanoscale. This is particularly so in micro- and nanofluidics where the comprehension of heat transfer and thermal conductivity mechanisms can play a crucial role in areas as diverse as energy transfer and cell physiology. Here we present two luminescent ratiometric nanothermometers based on a magnetic core coated with an organosilica shell co-doped with Eu(3+) and Tb(3+) chelates. The design of the hybrid host and chelate ligands permits the working of the nanothermometers in a nanofluid at 293-320 K with an emission quantum yield of 0.38 ± 0.04, a maximum relative sensitivity of 1.5% K(-1) at 293 K and a spatio-temporal resolution (constrained by the experimental setup) of 64 × 10(-6) m/150 × 10(-3) s (to move out of 0.4 K--the temperature uncertainty). The heat propagation velocity in the nanofluid, (2.2 ± 0.1) × 10(-3) m s(-1), was determined at 294 K using the nanothermometers' Eu(3+)/Tb(3+) steady-state spectra. There is no precedent of such an experimental measurement in a thermographic nanofluid, where the propagation velocity is measured from the same nanoparticles used to measure the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D S Brites
- Departamento de Física and CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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del Rosal B, Sun C, Loufakis DN, Lu C, Jaque D. Thermal loading in flow-through electroporation microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3119-3127. [PMID: 23760021 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal loading effects in flow-through electroporation microfluidic devices have been systematically investigated by using dye-based ratiometric luminescence thermometry. Fluorescence measurements have revealed the crucial role played by both the applied electric field and flow rate on the induced temperature increments at the electroporation sections of the devices. It has been found that Joule heating could raise the intra-channel temperature up to cytotoxic levels (>45 °C) only when conditions of low flow rates and high applied voltages are applied. Nevertheless, when flow rates and electric fields are set to those used in real electroporation experiments we have found that local heating is not larger than a few degrees, i.e. temperature is kept within the safe range (<32 °C). We also provide thermal images of electroporation devices from which the heat affected area can be elucidated. Experimental data have been found to be in excellent agreement with numerical simulations that have also revealed the presence of a non-homogeneous temperature distribution along the electroporation channel whose magnitude is critically dependent on both applied electric field and flow rate. Results included in this work will allow for full control over the electroporation conditions in flow-through microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca del Rosal
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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11
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Haro-González P, Ramsay WT, Martinez Maestro L, del Rosal B, Santacruz-Gomez K, Iglesias-de la Cruz MDC, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Chooi JY, Rodriguez Sevilla P, Bettinelli M, Choudhury D, Kar AK, Solé JG, Jaque D, Paterson L. Quantum dot-based thermal spectroscopy and imaging of optically trapped microspheres and single cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2162-70. [PMID: 23401166 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced thermal effects in optically trapped microspheres and single cells are investigated by quantum dot luminescence thermometry. Thermal spectroscopy has revealed a non-localized temperature distribution around the trap that extends over tens of micrometers, in agreement with previous theoretical models besides identifying water absorption as the most important heating source. The experimental results of thermal loading at a variety of wavelengths reveal that an optimum trapping wavelength exists for biological applications close to 820 nm. This is corroborated by a simultaneous analysis of the spectral dependence of cellular heating and damage in human lymphocytes during optical trapping. This quantum dot luminescence thermometry demonstrates that optical trapping with 820 nm laser radiation produces minimum intracellular heating, well below the cytotoxic level (43 °C), thus, avoiding cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Haro-González
- Laboratorio di Chimica dello Stato Solido, DB, Università di Verona and INSTM, UdR Verona, Ca' Vignal, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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Zhou D, Lin M, Liu X, Li J, Chen Z, Yao D, Sun H, Zhang H, Yang B. Conducting the temperature-dependent conformational change of macrocyclic compounds to the lattice dilation of quantum dots for achieving an ultrasensitive nanothermometer. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2273-2283. [PMID: 23402423 DOI: 10.1021/nn305423p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a ligand decoration strategy to enlarge the lattice dilation of quantum dots (QDs), which greatly enhances the characteristic sensitivity of a QD-based thermometer. Upon a multiple covalent linkage of macrocyclic compounds with QDs, for example, thiolated cyclodextrin (CD) and CdTe, the conformation-related torsional force of CD is conducted to the inner lattice of CdTe under altered temperature. The combination of the lattice expansion/contraction of CdTe and the stress from CD conformation change greatly enhances the shifts of both UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra, thus improving the temperature sensitivity. As an example, β-CD-decorated CdTe QDs exhibit the 0.28 nm shift of the spectra per degree centigrade (0.28 nm/°C), 2.4-fold higher than those of monothiol-ligand-decorated QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Wang XD, Wolfbeis OS, Meier RJ. Luminescent probes and sensors for temperature. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7834-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1170] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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