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Asghari E, Moosavi A, Hannani SK. Non-Newtonian droplet-based microfluidics logic gates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9293. [PMID: 32518389 PMCID: PMC7283233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic logic gates have many applications in diagnostic assays and biosciences due to their automation and the ability to be cascaded. In spite of many bio-fluids, such as blood exhibit non-Newtonian characteristics, all the previous studies have been concerned with the Newtonian fluids. Moreover, none of the previous studies has investigated the operating regions of the logic gates. In this research, we consider a typical AND/OR logic gate with a power-law fluid. We study the effects of important parameters such as the power-law index, the droplet length, the capillary number, and the geometrical parameters of the microfluidic system on the operating regions of the system. The results indicate that AND/OR states mechanism function in opposite directions. By increasing the droplet length, the capillary number and the power-law index, the operating region of AND state increases while the operating region of OR state reduces. Increasing the channel width will decrease the operating region of AND state while it increases the operating region of OR state. For proper operation of the logic gate, it should work in both AND/OR states appropriately. By combining the operating regions of these two states, the overall operating region of the logic gate is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Asghari
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P. O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moosavi
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P. O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siamak Kazemzadeh Hannani
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P. O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Bhadauriya S, Zhang J, Lee J, Bockstaller MR, Karim A, Sheridan RJ, Stafford CM. Nanoscale Pattern Decay Monitored Line by Line via In Situ Heated Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15943-15950. [PMID: 32160455 PMCID: PMC7654702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We combine in situ heated atomic force microscopy (AFM) with automated line-by-line spectral analysis to quantify the relaxation or decay phenomenon of nanopatterned composite polymer films above the glass-transition temperature of the composite material. This approach enables assessment of pattern fidelity with a temporal resolution of ≈1 s, providing the necessary data density to confidently capture the short-time relaxation processes inaccessible to conventional ex situ measurements. Specifically, we studied the thermal decay of nanopatterned poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PMMA nanocomposite films containing unmodified and PMMA-grafted silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NP) of varying concentrations and film thicknesses using this new approach. Features imprinted on neat PMMA films were seen to relax at least an order of magnitude faster than the NP-filled films at decay temperatures above the glass transition of the PMMA matrix. It was also seen that patterned films with the lowest residual thickness (34 nm) filled with unmodified SiO2 NP decayed the slowest. The effect of nanoparticle additive was almost negligible in reinforcing the patterned features for films with the highest residual thickness (257 nm). Our in situ pattern decay measurement and the subsequent line-by-line spectral analysis enabled the investigation of various parameters affecting the pattern decay such as the underlying residual thickness, type of additive system, and temperature in a timely and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Bhadauriya
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Richard J. Sheridan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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El‐Atab N, Canas JC, Hussain MM. Pressure-Driven Two-Input 3D Microfluidic Logic Gates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903027. [PMID: 31993297 PMCID: PMC6974944 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a continuously growing field with potential not only in the fields of medical, chemical, and bioanalysis, but also in the domains of optics and information technology. Here, a pressure-driven 3D microfluidic chip is demonstrated with multiple logic Boolean functions. The presence and absence of fluid at the output of the gates represent the binary signals 1 and 0, respectively. Therefore, the logic gates do not require a specially functionalized liquid to operate. The chip is based on a multilevel of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based polymeric sheets with aligned microchannels while a flexible polyimide-based sheet with a cantilever-like structure is embedded to enable a one-directional flow of the liquid. Several Boolean logic functions are realized (AND, OR, and XOR) using different fluids in addition to a half adder digital microfluidic circuit. The outputs of the logic gates are designed to be at different heights within the 3D chip to enable different pressure drops. The results show that the logic gates are operational for a specific range of flow rates, which is dependent on the microchannel dimensions, surface roughness, and fluid viscosity and therefore on their hydraulic resistance. The demonstrated approach enables simple cascading of logic gates for large-scale microfluidic computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek El‐Atab
- mmh LabsElectrical EngineeringComputer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Javier Chavarrio Canas
- mmh LabsElectrical EngineeringComputer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M. Hussain
- mmh LabsElectrical EngineeringComputer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐1770USA
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4
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Garrad M, Soter G, Conn AT, Hauser H, Rossiter J. A soft matter computer for soft robots. Sci Robot 2019; 4:4/33/eaaw6060. [PMID: 33137781 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaw6060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in soft robotics, little attention has been paid to the development of soft matter computational mechanisms. Embedding computation directly into soft materials is not only necessary for the next generation of fully soft robots but also for smart materials to move beyond stimulus-response relationships and toward the intelligent behaviors seen in biological systems. This article describes soft matter computers (SMCs), low-cost, and easily fabricated computational mechanisms for soft robots. The building block of an SMC is a conductive fluid receptor (CFR), which maps a fluidic input signal to an electrical output signal via electrodes embedded into a soft tube. SMCs could perform both analog and digital computation. The potential of SMCs is demonstrated by integrating them into three soft robots: (i) a Softworm robot was controlled by an SMC that generated the control signals necessary for three distinct gaits; (ii) a soft gripper was given a set of reflexes that could be programmed by adjusting the parameters of the CFR; and (iii) a two-degree of freedom bending actuator was switched between three distinct behaviors by varying only one input parameter. SMCs are a low-cost way to integrate computation directly into soft materials and an important step toward entirely soft autonomous robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garrad
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK.,SoftLab, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK.,FARSCOPE Centre for Doctoral Training, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - G Soter
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK.,SoftLab, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - A T Conn
- SoftLab, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H Hauser
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK.,SoftLab, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - J Rossiter
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK. .,SoftLab, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
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Schütt J, Ibarlucea B, Illing R, Zörgiebel F, Pregl S, Nozaki D, Weber WM, Mikolajick T, Baraban L, Cuniberti G. Compact Nanowire Sensors Probe Microdroplets. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4991-5000. [PMID: 27417510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The conjunction of miniature nanosensors and droplet-based microfluidic systems conceptually opens a new route toward sensitive, optics-less analysis of biochemical processes with high throughput, where a single device can be employed for probing of thousands of independent reactors. Here we combine droplet microfluidics with the compact silicon nanowire based field effect transistor (SiNW FET) for in-flow electrical detection of aqueous droplets one by one. We chemically probe the content of numerous (∼10(4)) droplets as independent events and resolve the pH values and ionic strengths of the encapsulated solution, resulting in a change of the source-drain current ISD through the nanowires. Further, we discuss the specificities of emulsion sensing using ion sensitive FETs and study the effect of droplet sizes with respect to the sensor area, as well as its role on the ability to sense the interior of the aqueous reservoir. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of the novel droplets based nanowire platform for bioassay applications and carry out a glucose oxidase (GOx) enzymatic test for glucose detection, providing also the reference readout with an integrated parallel optical detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schütt
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rico Illing
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Zörgiebel
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pregl
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daijiro Nozaki
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter M Weber
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Namlab GmbH, Nöthnitzerstraße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Mikolajick
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Namlab GmbH, Nöthnitzerstraße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology , Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Sabhachandani P, Cohen N, Sarkar S, Konry T. Microsphere-based immunoassay integrated with a microfluidic network to perform logic operations. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Ilčíková M, Mrlík M, Babayan V, Kasák P. Graphene oxide modified by betaine moieties for improvement of electrorheological performance. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08403b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel graphene oxide bearing betaine moieties as sulfobetaine (GO-SB), carboxybetaine (GO-CB) and carboxybetaine ester (GO-CBE) moieties were prepared in two simple fabrication processes based on silanization and a thiol–ene click-reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimír Babayan
- Centre of Polymer Systems
- University Institute
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín
- Zlín
- Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kasák
- Center for Advanced Materials
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
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Applications of micro/nanoparticles in microfluidic sensors: a review. SENSORS 2014; 14:6952-64. [PMID: 24755517 PMCID: PMC4029640 DOI: 10.3390/s140406952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the applications of micro/nanoparticles in microfluidics device fabrication and analytical processing. In general, researchers have focused on two properties of particles--electric behavior and magnetic behavior. The applications of micro/nanoparticles could be summarized on the chip fabrication level and on the processing level. In the fabrication of microfluidic chips (chip fabrication level), particles are good additives in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to prepare conductive or magnetic composites which have wide applications in sensors, valves and actuators. On the other hand, particles could be manipulated according to their electric and magnetic properties under external electric and magnetic fields when they are travelling in microchannels (processing level). Researchers have made a great progress in preparing modified PDMS and investigating the behaviors of particles in microchannels. This article attempts to present a discussion on the basis of particles applications in microfluidics.
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