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Fan CC, Liu YH, Lu CJ. Separation of C1–C15 Alkanes with a Disk-Shaped Aluminum Column Employing Mesoporous AAO as the Stationary Phase. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15570-15577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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2
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A MEMS µ-Preconcentrator Employing a Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane for Highly Volatile Organic Compound Sampling. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis and evaluation of a carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM) grown inside a MEMS-fabricated μ-preconcentrator for sampling highly volatile organic compounds. An array of µ-pillars measuring 100 µm in diameter and 250 µm in height were fabricated inside a microfluidic channel to increase the attaching surface for the CMSM. The surface area of the CMSM was measured as high as 899 m2/g. A GC peak amplification factor >2 × 104 was demonstrated with gaseous ethyl acetate. Up to 1.4 L of gaseous ethanol at the 100 ppb level could be concentrated without exceeding the capacity of this microchip device. Sharp desorption chromatographic peaks (<3.5 s) were obtained while using this device directly as a GC injector. Less volatile compounds such as gaseous toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene appeared to be adsorbed strongly on CMSM, showing a memory effect. Sampling parameters such as sample volatilities, sampling capacities, and compound residual issues were empirically determined and discussed.
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3
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Ionic liquid stationary phase coating optimization for semi-packed microfabricated columns. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462144. [PMID: 33957352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the effect of the stationary phase coating process on the separation efficiency of gas chromatography microcolumns. The stationary phase coating quality was characterized by three different bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) anion based ionic liquids. The ionic liquids containing NTf2 anion are used for gas chromatography due to their high temperature stability. In this work, the chemical and physical approaches of column deactivation as well as the temperature treatment were evaluated by separating a mixture of 20 organic components and saturated alkanes. The results show that higher oven temperature treatment provides higher efficiency while losing a bit of peak symmetry. The thermal treated 1-butylpyridinum bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [BPY][NTf2] stationary phase at 240°C demonstrated as high as 8300 plates per meter for naphthalene. This was a 5-fold increase in separation efficiency in comparison to those of the columns treated at 200°C. Albeit being within acceptable ranges, the peak tailing degraded from 1.17 to 1.46 for naphthalene when the processing temperature for coating increased. Both chemical and physical deactivation process increased separation efficiencies and peak resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
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4
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Liao W, Zhao X, Lu HT, Byambadorj T, Qin Y, Gianchandani YB. Progressive Cellular Architecture in Microscale Gas Chromatography for Broad Chemical Analyses. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3089. [PMID: 33946637 PMCID: PMC8124901 DOI: 10.3390/s21093089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography is widely used to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to homeland security. We investigate a new architecture for microfabricated gas chromatography systems that can significantly improve the range, speed, and efficiency of such systems. By using a cellular approach, it performs a partial separation of analytes even as the sampling is being performed. The subsequent separation step is then rapidly performed within each cell. The cells, each of which contains a preconcentrator and separation column, are arranged in progression of retentiveness. While accommodating a wide range of analytes, this progressive cellular architecture (PCA) also provides a pathway to improving energy efficiency and lifetime by reducing the need for heating the separation columns. As a proof of concept, a three-cell subsystem (PCA3mv) has been built; it incorporates a number of microfabricated components, including preconcentrators, separation columns, valves, connectors, and a carrier gas filter. The preconcentrator and separation column of each cell are monolithically implemented as a single chip that has a footprint of 1.8 × 5.2 cm2. This subsystem also incorporates two manifold arrays of microfabricated valves, each of which has a footprint of 1.3 × 1.4 cm2. Operated together with a commercial flame ionization detector, the subsystem has been tested against polar and nonpolar analytes (including alkanes, alcohols, aromatics, and phosphonate esters) over a molecular weight range of 32-212 g/mol and a vapor pressure range of 0.005-231 mmHg. The separations require an average column temperature of 63-68 °C within a duration of 12 min, and provide separation resolutions >2 for any two homologues that differ by one methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liao
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.L.); (X.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.B.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.L.); (X.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.B.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hsueh-Tsung Lu
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.L.); (X.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.B.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tsenguun Byambadorj
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.L.); (X.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.B.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yutao Qin
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.L.); (X.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.B.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yogesh B. Gianchandani
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.L.); (X.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.B.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Guan X, Luong J, Yu Z, Jiang H. Quasi-Stop-Flow Modulation Strategy for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6251-6256. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Guan
- J&X Technologies, 1599 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Jim Luong
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15, Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta T8L 2P4, Canada
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Ziwei Yu
- J&X Technologies, 1599 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- J&X Technologies, 1599 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, 200433, Shanghai, China
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6
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Piendl SK, Geissler D, Weigelt L, Belder D. Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Chip-HPLC Combined with Deep-UV Fluorescence and Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3795-3803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Weigelt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Ghosh A, Vilorio CR, Hawkins AR, Lee ML. Microchip gas chromatography columns, interfacing and performance. Talanta 2018; 188:463-492. [PMID: 30029402 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost four decades of investigations have opened up many avenues to explore the production and utilization of planar (i.e., microchip) gas chromatographic columns. However, there remain many practical constraints that limit their widespread commercialization and use. The main challenges arise from non-ideal column geometries, dead volume issues and inadequate interfacing technologies, which all affect both column performance and range of applications. This review reflects back over the years on the extensive developments in the field, with the goal to stimulate future creative approaches and increased efforts to accelerate microchip gas chromatography development toward reaching its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Carlos R Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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8
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Du Z, Tsow F, Wang D, Tao N. Real-time Simutaneous Separation and Detection of Chemicals using Integrated Micro Column and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Micro-GC. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2018; 18:1351-1357. [PMID: 30220886 PMCID: PMC6136449 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2783892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated and miniaturized Micro-Gas Chromatography with real-time imaging capability for simultaneous chemical separation and detection was developed. Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) was used as a sensitive and real-time imaging based detector for various gaseous chemical mixtures and good gas chromatographs were obtained. The system integrated a home-made miniaturized molecular sieve packed spiral micro-channel column with the SPRi imaging chip and real-time chemical separation and detection were demonstrated using alkanes. The chemical separation processes were simulated using COMSOL and matched well with experimental results. The system enabled the study of chemical separation processes in real-time by miniaturizing and integrating the Micro-GC separation and detection units. This approach can be expanded to multidimensional GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Du
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Francis Tsow
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Di Wang
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Nongjian Tao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
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Collin WR, Scholten KW, Fan X, Paul D, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. Polymer-coated micro-optofluidic ring resonator detector for a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic microsystem: μGC ×μGC-μOFRR. Analyst 2015; 141:261-9. [PMID: 26588451 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe first results from a micro-analytical subsystem that integrates a detector comprising a polymer-coated micro-optofluidic ring resonator (μOFRR) chip with a microfabricated separation module capable of performing thermally modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations (μGC ×μGC) of volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures. The 2 × 2 cm μOFRR chip consists of a hollow, contoured SiO(x) cylinder (250 μm i.d.; 1.2 μm wall thickness) grown from a Si substrate, and integrated optical and fluidic interconnection features. By coupling to a 1550 nm tunable laser and photodetector via an optical fiber taper, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances were generated within the μOFRR wall, and shifts in the WGM wavelength caused by transient sorption of eluting vapors into the PDMS film lining the μOFRR cylinder were monitored. Isothermal separations of a simple alkane mixture using a PDMS coated 1st-dimension ((1)D) μcolumn and an OV-215-coated 2nd-dimension ((2)D) μcolumn confirmed that efficient μGC ×μGC-μOFRR analyses could be performed and that responses were dominated by film-swelling. Subsequent tests with more diverse VOC mixtures demonstrated that the modulated peak width and the VOC sensitivity were inversely proportional to the vapor pressure of the analyte. Modulated peaks as narrow as 120 ms and limits of detection in the low-ng range were achieved. Structured contour plots generated with the μOFRR and a reference FID were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Collin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA.
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Bryant-Genevier J, Zellers ET. Toward a microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser for a wearable micro-scale gas chromatograph. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Sanati-Nezhad A. Through the years with on-a-chip gas chromatography: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2559-2575. [PMID: 25994317 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the need for measurement and detection of samples in situ or with very small volume and low concentration (low and sub-parts per billion) is a cause for miniaturizing systems via microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. Gas chromatography (GC) is a common technique that is widely used for separating and measuring semi-volatile and volatile compounds. Conventional GCs are bulky and cannot be used for in situ analysis, hence in the past decades many studies have been reported with the aim of designing and developing chip-based GC. The focus of this review is to follow and investigate the development and the achievements in the field of chip-based GC and its components from the beginning up to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haghighi
- Chromatographic and Separation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
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Akbar M, Shakeel H, Agah M. GC-on-chip: integrated column and photoionization detector. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1748-1758. [PMID: 25673367 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a unique GC-on-chip module comprising a monolithically integrated semi-packed micro separation column (μSC) and a highly sensitive micro helium discharge photoionization detector (μDPID). While semi-packed μSC with atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina as a stationary phase provides high separation performance, the μDPID implemented for the first time in a silicon-glass architecture inherits the desirable features of being universal, non-destructive, low power consumption (1.4 mW), and responsive. The integrated chip is 1.5 cm × 3 cm in size and requires a two-mask fabrication process. Monolithic integration alleviates the need for transfer lines between the column and the detector which improves the performance of the individual components with overall reduced fabrication and implementation costs. The chip is capable of operating under the isothermal as well as temperature and flow programming conditions to achieve rapid chromatographic analysis. The chip performance was investigated with two samples: 1) a multi-analyte gas mixture consisting of eight compounds ranging from 98 °C to 174 °C in boiling point and 2) a mixture containing higher alkanes (C9-C12). Our experiments indicate that the chip is capable of providing rapid chromatographic separation and detection of these compounds (<1 min) through the optimization of flow and temperature programming conditions. The GC-on-chip demonstrated a minimum detection limit of ~10 pg which is on a par with the widely used destructive flame ionization detector (FID).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akbar
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Collin WR, Bondy A, Paul D, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. μGC × μGC: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic Separations with Microfabricated Components. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1630-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5032226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Collin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Center for Wireless
Integrated MicroSensing and Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
| | - Amy Bondy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Dibyadeep Paul
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States
- Center for Wireless
Integrated MicroSensing and Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States
- Center for Wireless
Integrated MicroSensing and Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
| | - Edward T. Zellers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
- Center for Wireless
Integrated MicroSensing and Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
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14
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Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Multidimensional gas chromatography beyond simple volatiles separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8819-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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