1
|
Ambulo CP, Carothers KJ, Hollis AT, Limburg HN, Sun L, Thrasher CJ, McConney ME, Godman NP. Photo-Crosslinkable Inorganic/Organic Sulfur Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200798. [PMID: 36639862 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization techniques are used to fabricate thermodynamically stable, sulfur polymers. Sulfur-based polymers exhibit higher refractive indices and improved transparency in the mid-wave infrared region compared with most organic polymers. Herein, the postsynthetic modification of sulfur polymers created via inverse vulcanization to generate novel, inorganic/organic photoresists is discussed. Amine-containing sulfur resins are postfunctionalized with cross-linkable alkynes. The sulfur-based materials undergo rapid photo-crosslinking to generate patternable films within 10 min under UV irradiation (365 nm). The development of these resins enables sulfur polymers to be utilized in processes where spatial and hierarchical control is necessary. The generation of this class of materials also expands on sulfur-based organic polymer systems with optical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric P Ambulo
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Dr., Fairborn, OH, 45324, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Kyle J Carothers
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Dr., Fairborn, OH, 45324, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Ashford T Hollis
- Department of Chemistry, Air Force Academy, 2304 Cadet Dr., Harmon Hall, CO, 80840, USA
| | - Hannah N Limburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Lirong Sun
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Dr., Fairborn, OH, 45324, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Carl J Thrasher
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Michael E McConney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Nicholas P Godman
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Fairborn, OH, 45433, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yang C, Dai S, Wang X, Liu J. Preparation and Properties of Intrinsically Black Polyimide Films with CIE Lab Color Parameters Close to Zero and High Thermal Stability for Potential Applications in Flexible Printed Circuit Boards. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183881. [PMID: 36146026 PMCID: PMC9502500 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Black polymer films with high thermal stability are highly desired in flexible electrical and electronic fields. Conventional black polymer films based on high-temperature resistant polymers and black inorganic dyes are usually suffered from the poor electrical and tensile properties. In the current work, a series of intrinsically black polyimide (BPI) films with International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Lab optical parameters close to zero and high thermal stability have been designed and prepared. For this purpose, an electron-rich aromatic diamine, 4,4′-iminodianiline (NDA), was copolymerized with 1,4-phenylenediamine (PDA) and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (sBPDA) to afford a series of poly(amic acid) (PAA) solutions, which were then thermally dehydrated to provide the final BPI films at elevated temperatures up to 400 °C in air. The molar fraction of NDA in the total diamine monomers was 0 for BPI-0 (sBPDA-PDA), 10% for BPI-1, 20% for BPI-2, 30% for BPI-3, 40% for BPI-4, 50% for BPI-5, and 100% for BPI-6. For comparison, two referenced polyimide (PI) films, including PI-ref1 and PI-ref2, were prepared according to a similar procedure. The former was derived from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) and the latter was from PMDA and NDA. The BPI films exhibited an increasing degree of blackness with the increasing contents of NDA units in the polymer films. For example, the BPI-6 (sBPDA-NDA) film exhibited the optical transmittance of 1.4% at a wavelength of 650 nm (T650), which was obviously lower than those of PI-ref1 (T650 = 74.6%) and PI-ref2 (T650 = 3.6%). In addition, the BPI-6 film showed the CIE Lab parameters of 0.39 for L*, 2.65 for a*, 0.66 for b*, and haze of 1.83, which was very close to the criterion of “pure blackness” for polymer films (L* = a* = b* = 0). At last, incorporation of the NDA units in the rigid-rod BPI-0 (BPDA-PDA) film slightly deteriorated the high-temperature dimensional stability of the derived BPI films. BPI-6 film showed a linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value of 34.8 × 10−6/K in the temperature range of 50 to 250 °C, which was higher than those of the BPI-0 (CTE = 12.3 × 10−6/K), PI-ref1 (CTE = 29.5 × 10−6/K), and PI-ref2 (CTE = 18.8 × 10−6/K) films. Nevertheless, the BPI films maintained good thermal stability with the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) higher than 590 °C, and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 340 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-10-8232-2972 (J.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingang Liu
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-10-8232-2972 (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ritchie AW, Cox HJ, Gonabadi HI, Bull SJ, Badyal JPS. Tunable High Refractive Index Polymer Hybrid and Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposite Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33477-33484. [PMID: 34254516 PMCID: PMC8397253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atomized spray plasma deposition (ASPD) provides a single-step, low-temperature, and dry approach for the preparation of high refractive index hybrid polymer or polymer-inorganic nanocomposite coatings. Refractive indices as high as 1.936 at 635 nm wavelength have been obtained for ASPD 4-bromostyrene/toluene-TiO2 nanocomposite layers containing low titania loadings. Thin films with any desired refractive index up to 1.936 can be easily deposited onto a variety of substrates by varying the precursor mixture composition. ASPD overcomes disadvantages commonly associated with alternative fabrication methods for depositing high refractive index coatings (elevated temperatures, wet processes, UV curing steps, and much greater inorganic loadings).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus W. Ritchie
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, U.K.
| | - Harrison J. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, U.K.
| | - Hassan I. Gonabadi
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, England, U.K.
| | - Steve J. Bull
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, England, U.K.
| | - Jas Pal S. Badyal
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polgar LM, Criscitiello F, van Essen M, Araya-Hermosilla R, Migliore N, Lenti M, Raffa P, Picchioni F, Pucci A. Thermoreversibly Cross-Linked EPM Rubber Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8020058. [PMID: 29360772 PMCID: PMC5853691 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conductive rubber nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing conductive nanotubes (CNT) in thermoreversibly cross-linked ethylene propylene rubbers grafted with furan groups (EPM-g-furan) rubbers. Their features were studied with a strong focus on conductive and mechanical properties relevant for strain-sensor applications. The Diels-Alder chemistry used for thermoreversible cross-linking allows for the preparation of fully recyclable, homogeneous, and conductive nanocomposites. CNT modified with compatible furan groups provided nanocomposites with a relatively large tensile strength and small elongation at break. High and low sensitivity deformation experiments of nanocomposites with 5 wt % CNT (at the percolation threshold) displayed an initially linear sensitivity to deformation. Notably, only fresh samples displayed a linear response of their electrical resistivity to deformations as the resistance variation collapsed already after one cycle of elongation. Notwithstanding this mediocre performance as a strain sensor, the advantages of using thermoreversible chemistry in a conductive rubber nanocomposite were highlighted by demonstrating crack-healing by welding due to the joule effect on the surface and the bulk of the material. This will open up new technological opportunities for the design of novel strain-sensors based on recyclable rubbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Massimo Polgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Criscitiello
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Machiel van Essen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rodrigo Araya-Hermosilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicola Migliore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mattia Lenti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Abbasi F, Mehdipour-Ataei S, Tabatabaei-Yazdi Z, Babanzadeh S, Abouzari-Lotf E. Effect of sepiolite nanoparticles on the properties of novel poly(sulfone ether imide). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Abbasi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Samal Babanzadeh
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abouzari-Lotf
- Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Energy Research Alliance, International Campus; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsai CL, Liou GS. Highly transparent and flexible polyimide/ZrO2 nanocomposite optical films with a tunable refractive index and Abbe number. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05301c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The obtained PI/ZrO2 hybrid films revealed excellent optical transparency, a tunable refractive index and an Abbe number of 1.804 and 32.18, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Functional Polymeric Materials Laboratory
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Guey-Sheng Liou
- Functional Polymeric Materials Laboratory
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Water sorption behavior in polyimide thin films controlled by inorganic additives. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX POLYMER-INORGANIC OPTICAL HYBIRD MATERIALS AND THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang B. Fabrication of polymerizable ZnS nanoparticles in N,N′-dimethylacrylamide and the resulting high refractive index optical materials. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
11
|
Yen HJ, Tsai CL, Wang PH, Lin JJ, Liou GS. Flexible, optically transparent, high refractive, and thermally stable polyimide–TiO2 hybrids for anti-reflection coating. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
12
|
Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhu S, Zhang L, Meng Q, Wang M, Li Y, Yang B. Embedding graphene nanoparticles into poly(N,N′-dimethylacrylamine) to prepare transparent nanocomposite films with high refractive index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32871b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Tsai CL, Yen HJ, Chen WC, Liou GS. Novel solution-processable optically isotropic colorless polyimidothioethers–TiO2 hybrids with tunable refractive index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32480f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|