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Nhat Hang NT, Yang Y, Phuc LH, Tri NH, Van Cuu H, Long NV. Shape-controlled synthesis of micro-/nanosized Cu particles with spherical and polyhedral shapes using the polyol process. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22403-22407. [PMID: 39010919 PMCID: PMC11247615 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03643c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of Cu micro-/nanosized particles through the polyol process. Cu particles were synthesized by reducing copper(ii) chloride in ethylene glycol (EG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and potassium bromide (KBr) at low temperatures with or without the use of sodium borohydride (NaBH4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhat Hang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University 6 Tran Van On, Phu Hoa Ward Thu Dau Mot City 820000 Vietnam
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1295 Dingxi Road Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Le Hong Phuc
- National Institute of Applied Mechanics and Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 291 Dien Bien Phu Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Tri
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Saigon University 273 An Duong Vuong, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Ho Van Cuu
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Saigon University 273 An Duong Vuong, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Viet Long
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Saigon University 273 An Duong Vuong, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
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2
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Di Mari G, Spadaro MC, Salutari F, Arbiol J, Bruno L, Mineo G, Bruno E, Strano V, Mirabella S. Low-Cost, High-Yield Zinc Oxide-Based Nanostars for Alkaline Overall Water Splitting. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37023-37031. [PMID: 37841157 PMCID: PMC10568701 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of high-efficiency and sustainable electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media is critical for renewable energy technologies. Here, we report a low-cost and high-yield method to obtain ZnOHF-ZnO-based 2D nanostars (NSs) by means of chemical bath deposition (CBD). The obtained NSs, cast onto graphene paper substrates, were used as active materials for the development of a full water splitting cell. For the HER, NSs were decorated with an ultralow amount of Pt nanoparticles (11.2 μg cm-2), demonstrating an overpotential of 181 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The intrinsic activity of Pt was optimized, thanks to the ZnO supporting nanostructures, as outlined by the mass activity of Pt (0.9 mA mgPt-1) and its turnover frequency (0.27 s-1 for a Pt loading of 11.2 μg cm-2). For the OER, bare NSs showed a remarkable result of 355 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline media. Pt-decorated and bare NSs were used as the cathode and anode, respectively, for alkaline electrochemical water splitting, assessing a stable overpotential of 1.7 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The reported data pave the way toward large-scale production of low-cost electrocatalysts for green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella
Maria Di Mari
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università degli Studi di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM,
Catania (University) Unit, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Spadaro
- Dipartimento
SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle
Marche, Piazza Roma 22, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesco Salutari
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luca Bruno
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università degli Studi di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM,
Catania (University) Unit, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giacometta Mineo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università degli Studi di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM,
Catania (University) Unit, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Bruno
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università degli Studi di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM,
Catania (University) Unit, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Strano
- CNR-IMM,
Catania (University) Unit, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvo Mirabella
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università degli Studi di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM,
Catania (University) Unit, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
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3
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Lee SJ, Jang H, Lee DN. Recent advances in nanoflowers: compositional and structural diversification for potential applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5165-5213. [PMID: 37767032 PMCID: PMC10521310 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoscience and nanotechnology have emerged as promising fields in materials science. Spectroscopic techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy have revolutionized the characterization, manipulation, and size control of nanomaterials, enabling the creation of diverse materials such as fullerenes, graphene, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, nanowires, nanoparticles, nanocones, and nanosheets. Among these nanomaterials, there has been considerable interest in flower-shaped hierarchical 3D nanostructures, known as nanoflowers. These structures offer advantages like a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to spherical nanoparticles, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly preparation methods. Researchers have explored various applications of 3D nanostructures with unique morphologies derived from different nanoflowers. The nanoflowers are classified as organic, inorganic and hybrid, and the hybrids are a combination thereof, and most research studies of the nanoflowers have been focused on biomedical applications. Intriguingly, among them, inorganic nanoflowers have been studied extensively in various areas, such as electro, photo, and chemical catalysis, sensors, supercapacitors, and batteries, owing to their high catalytic efficiency and optical characteristics, which arise from their composition, crystal structure, and local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Despite the significant interest in inorganic nanoflowers, comprehensive reviews on this topic have been scarce until now. This is the first review focusing on inorganic nanoflowers for applications in electro, photo, and chemical catalysts, sensors, supercapacitors, and batteries. Since the early 2000s, more than 350 papers have been published on this topic with many ongoing research projects. This review categorizes the reported inorganic nanoflowers into four groups based on their composition and structure: metal, metal oxide, alloy, and other nanoflowers, including silica, metal-metal oxide, core-shell, doped, coated, nitride, sulfide, phosphide, selenide, and telluride nanoflowers. The review thoroughly discusses the preparation methods, conditions for morphology and size control, mechanisms, characteristics, and potential applications of these nanoflowers, aiming to facilitate future research and promote highly effective and synergistic applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Lee
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Korea
| | - Hongje Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Korea
| | - Do Nam Lee
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Korea
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4
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Design of Bimetallic PtFe-Based Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Catalyst for Oxidation Reduction Reaction. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a very important reaction that occurs at the cathodic side in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The high cost associated with frequently used Pt-based electrocatalysts for ORR limits the commercialization of PEMFCs. Through bifunctional and electronic effects, theoretical calculations have proved that alloying Pt with a suitable transition metal is likely to improve ORR mass activity when compared to Pt-alone systems. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of bimetallic Pt–Fe nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide sheets (RGOs) via a simple surfactant-free chemical reduction method. The present method produces PtFe/RGO catalyst particles with a 3.2 nm diameter without agglomeration. PtFe/RGO showed a noticeable positive half-wave potential (0.503 V vs. Ag/AgCl) compared with a commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.352 V vs. Ag/AgCl) with minimal Pt-loading on a glassy carbon electrode. Further, PtFe/RGO showed a higher ORR mass activity of 4.85 mA/cm2-geo compared to the commercial Pt/C (3.60 mA/cm2-geo). This work paves the way for designing noble−transition metal alloy electrocatalysts on RGO supports as high-performance electrocatalysts for ORR application.
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Pt-Based Multimetal Electrocatalysts and Potential Applications: Recent Advancements in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Modified Polyol Methods. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In our review, we have presented a summary of the research accomplishments of nanostructured multimetal-based electrocatalysts synthesized by modified polyol methods, especially the special case of Pt-based nanoparticles associated with increasing potential applications for batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. To address the problems raised in serious environmental pollution, disease, health, and energy shortages, we discuss and present an improved polyol process used to synthesize nanoparticles from Pt metal to Pt-based bimetal, and Pt-based multimetal catalysts in the various forms of alloy and shell core nanostructures by practical experience, experimental skills, and the evidences from the designed polyol processes. In their prospects, there are the micro/nanostructured variants of hybrid Pt/nanomaterials, typically such as Pt/ABO3-type perovskite, Pt/AB2O4-type ferrite, Pt/CoFe2O4, Pt/oxide, or Pt/ceramic by modified polyol processes for the development of electrocatalysis and energy technology. In the future, we suggest that both the polyol and the sol-gel processes of diversity and originality, and with the use of various kinds of water, alcohols, polyols, other solvents, reducing agents, long-term capping and stabilizing agents, and structure- and property-controlling agents, are very effectively used in the controlled synthesis of micro/nanoparticles and micro/nanomaterials. It is understood that at the levels of controlling and modifying molecules, ions, atoms, and nano/microscales, the polyol or sol-gel processes, and their technologies are effectively combined in bottom-up and top-down approaches, as are the simplest synthetic methods of physics, chemistry, and biology from the most common aqueous solutions as well as possible experimental conditions.
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6
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Cu(OH)2-Ni(OH)2 engulfed by zeolite-Y hydroxyl nest and multiwalled carbon nanotube for effective methanol oxidation reaction. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Schmies H, Bergmann A, Hornberger E, Drnec J, Wang G, Dionigi F, Kühl S, Sandbeck DJS, Mayrhofer KJJ, Ramani V, Cherevko S, Strasser P. Anisotropy of Pt nanoparticles on carbon- and oxide-support and their structural response to electrochemical oxidation probed by in situ techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22260-22270. [PMID: 33001131 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03233f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the structural response of nanoparticle-support ensembles to the reaction conditions is essential to determine their structure in the catalytically active state as well as to unravel the possible degradation pathways. In this work, we investigate the (electronic) structure of carbon- and oxide-supported Pt nanoparticles during electrochemical oxidation by in situ X-ray diffraction, absorption spectroscopy as well as the Pt dissolution rate by in situ mass spectrometry. We prepared ellipsoidal Pt nanoparticles by impregnation of the carbon and titanium-based oxide support as well as spherical Pt nanoparticles on an indium-based oxide support by a surfactant-assisted synthesis route. During electrochemical oxidation, we show that the oxide-supported Pt nanoparticles resist (bulk) oxide formation and Pt dissolution. The lattice of smaller Pt nanoparticles exhibits a size-induced lattice contraction in the as-prepared state with respect to bulk Pt but it expands reversibly during electrochemical oxidation. This expansion is suppressed for the Pt nanoparticles with a bulk-like relaxed lattice. We could correlate the formation of d-band vacancies in the metallic Pt with Pt lattice expansion. PtOx formation is strongest for platelet-like nanoparticles and we explain this with a higher fraction of exposed Pt(100) facets. Of all investigated nanoparticle-support ensembles, the structural response of RuO2/TiO2-supported Pt nanoparticles is the most promising with respect to their morphological and structural integrity under electrochemical reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Schmies
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Samat KF, Trung NH, Ono T. Enhancement in thermoelectric performance of electrochemically deposited platinum-bismuth telluride nanocomposite. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles on borane-modified graphene oxide and their electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Paul MTY, Yee BB, Zhang X, Alford EH, Pilapil BK, Gates BD. Template assisted preparation of high surface area macroporous supports with uniform and tunable nanocrystal loadings. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1937-1948. [PMID: 30644489 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07762b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of catalytic nanocrystals into macroporous support materials has been very attractive due to their increased catalyst mass activity. This increase in catalytic efficiency is attributed in part to the increased surface area to volume ratio of the catalysts and the use of complementary support materials that can enhance their catalytic activity and stability. A uniform and tunable coating of nanocrystals on porous matrices can be difficult to achieve with some techniques such as electrodeposition. More sophisticated techniques for preparing uniform nanocrystal coatings include atomic layer deposition, but it can be difficult to reproduce these processes at commercial scales required for preparing catalyst materials. In this study, catalytic nanocrystals supported on three dimensional (3D) porous structures were prepared. The demonstrated technique utilized scalable approaches for achieving a uniform surface coverage of catalysts through the use of polymeric sacrificial templates. This template assisted technique was demonstrated with a good control over the surface coverage of catalysts, support material composition, and porosities of the support material. A series of regular porous supports were each prepared with a uniform coating of nanocrystals, such as NaYF4 nanocrystals supported by a porous 3D lattice of Ti1-xSixO2, Pt nanocrystals on a 3D porous support of TiO2, Pd nanocrystals on Ni nanobowls, and Pt nanocrystals on 3D assemblies of Au/TiO2 nanobowls. The template assisted preparation of high surface area macroporous supports could be further utilized for optimizing the use of catalytic materials in chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical reactions through increasing their catalytic efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Y Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Burman D, Santra S, Pramanik P, Guha PK. Pt decorated MoS 2 nanoflakes for ultrasensitive resistive humidity sensor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:115504. [PMID: 29408801 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa79d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the fabrication of a low power, humidity sensor where platinum nanoparticles (NPs) decorated few-layered molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanoflakes have been used as the sensing layer. A mixed solvent was used to exfoliate the nanoflakes from the bulk powder. Then the Pt/MoS2 composites were prepared by reducing Pt NPs from chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate using a novel reduction technique using sulphide salt. The successful reduction and composite preparation were confirmed using various material characterization tools like scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. The humidity sensors were prepared by drop-coating the Pt-decorated MoS2 on gold interdigitated electrodes and then exposed to various levels of relative humidity (RH). Composites with different weight ratios of Pt were tested and the best response was shown by the Pt/MoS2 (0.25:1) sample with a record high response of ∼4000 times at 85% RH. The response and recovery times were ∼92 s and ∼154 s respectively with repeatable behaviour. The sensor performance was found to be stable when tested over a few months. The underlying sensing mechanisms along with detailed characterization of the various composites have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasree Burman
- Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, IIT Kharagpur-721302, India
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Li DN, Wang AJ, Wei J, Zhang QL, Feng JJ. Dentritic platinum-palladium/palladium core-shell nanocrystals/reduced graphene oxide: One-pot synthesis and excellent electrocatalytic performances. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Kalyva M, Wragg DS, Fjellvåg H, Sjåstad AO. Engineering Functions into Platinum and Platinum-Rhodium Nanoparticles in a One-Step Microwave Irradiation Synthesis. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:273-281. [PMID: 28413764 PMCID: PMC5390798 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) and platinum-rhodium (PtRh) nanoparticles (NPs) are active catalysts for a range of important industrial reactions, and their response has been shown to be affected by size, morphology, composition, and architectural configuration. We report herein the engineering of these functionalities into NPs by suitably modifying our single-step fabrication process by using microwave irradiation dielectric heating. NPs with different morphologies are acquired by manipulating the reaction kinetics with the concentration of the capping agent while keeping the reaction time constant. Pt@Rh core@shell octopod-cube, Pt-truncated-cube, and cube and small-sphere NPs having "near-monodisperse" distributions and average sizes in the range of 4 to 18 nm are obtained. By increasing the microwave time the composition of Pt@Rh can be tuned, and NPs with a Rh-rich shell and a tunable Pt100-x Rh x (x≤41 at %) core are fabricated. Finally, alloy bimetallic PtRh NPs with controlled composition are designed by simultaneous tuning of the relative molar ratio of the metal precursors and the microwave irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalyva
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
| | - David S Wragg
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
| | - Helmer Fjellvåg
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
| | - Anja O Sjåstad
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
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Kumar R, Yadav A, Mahiya K, Mathur P. Copper(II) complexes with box or flower type morphology: Sustainability versus perishability upon catalytic recycling. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Liu L, Lin XX, Zou SY, Wang AJ, Chen JR, Feng JJ. One-pot wet-chemical synthesis of PtPd@Pt nanocrystals supported on reduced graphene oxide with highly electrocatalytic performance for ethylene glycol oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Controlled synthesis and characterization of iron oxide micro-particles for Fe-air battery electrode material. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Abstract
A simple electrodeposition approach has been developed to fabricate Pt and Cu nanostructures via inorganic salt and surfactant to control the shape, size, and distribution of the nanomaterials. The Pt thin film fabricated by cyclic electrodeposition approach reveals low Pt loading amount and high electrocatalytic ability for the reduction reaction of tri-iodide ions indicating a great potential for the application of dye-sensitized solar cell as an efficient counter electrode.
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Gharibshahi E, Saion E. Influence of dose on particle size and optical properties of colloidal platinum nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203091 PMCID: PMC3509607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to produce colloidal platinum nanoparticles by using steady absorption spectra with various chemical-based reduction methods often resulted in the fast disappearance of the absorption maxima leaving reduced platinum nanoparticles with little information on their optical properties. We synthesized colloidal platinum nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone by gamma radiolytic reduction method, which produced steady absorption spectra of fully reduced and highly pure platinum nanoparticles free from by-product impurities or reducing agent contamination. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 3.4–5.3 nm and decreased with increasing dose due to the domination of nucleation over ion association in the formation of metal nanoparticles by the gamma radiolytic reduction method. The platinum nanoparticles exhibit optical absorption spectra with two absorption peaks centered at about 216 and 264 nm and the peaks blue shifted to lower wavelengths with decreasing particle size. The absorption spectra of platinum nanoparticles were also calculated using quantum mechanical treatment and coincidently a good agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured absorption peaks at various particle sizes. This indicates that the 216 and 264-nm absorption peaks of platinum nanoparticles conceivably originated from the intra-band transitions of conduction electrons of (n = 5, l = 2) and (n = 6, l = 0) energy states respectively to higher energy states. The absorption energies, i.e., conduction band energies of platinum nanoparticles derived from the absorption peaks increased with increasing dose and decreased with increasing particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gharibshahi
- Department of Physics, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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