Interaction of Nitrogen-Rich Cations with Azotriazolone Anions through Ion Exchange Results in the Formation of Energetically Stable and Insensitive Compounds

In our pursuit of promoting the green development of energetic materials and harnessing their functional benefits, we strive to address the inherent contradiction between energy and low sensitivity. In this regard, we have successfully constructed an azotriazole framework via environmentally friendly electrochemistry with a satisfactory yield of 62.3%. Through a simple ion-exchange process, we then synthesized nitrogen-rich salt derivatives of azotriazolone. These nitrogen-rich salts exhibit a wide range of nitrogen contents, ranging from 32.16 to 68.80%. Remarkably, crystallographic analysis of these green energy-containing salts reveals substantial advantages in terms of thermodynamic stability and low sensitivity. Experimental investigations have demonstrated a positive relationship between the nitrogen content and the pyrothermal performance of the azotriazolone derivatives. Of particular significance is compound 5, a triaminoguanidine salt, which exhibits an exceptionally high nitrogen content of 68.80%. It displays a detonation pressure of 28.2 GPa and a detonation velocity of 7939.4 m s-1. Moreover, the derivatives of azotriazolone salts demonstrate the formation of nitrogen-rich compounds, characterized by insensitive properties, attributed to the hydrogen-bonded network structures resulting from anion-cation interactions. With the exception of compound 5, which exhibits a friction sensitivity of 252 N, the remaining derivatives show a similar value of approximately 360 N. This suggests that azotriazolone serves as a promising material possessing both stabilizing properties and better detonation performance, thereby providing a favorable platform for the synthesis of novel compounds with advantageous properties.

A Highly Energetic N-Rich Zeolite-Like Metal-Organic Framework with Excellent Air Stability and Insensitivity

A stable N-rich aromatic ligand is employed to prepare energetic zeolite-like metal-organic frameworks. IFMC-1 shows excellent air stability, and the lowest sensitivity toward impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge and the highest predicted heat of detonation among the reported coordination polymers, and even commercial materials (such as trinitrotoluene (TNT)).

Crystal engineering of energetic materials: co-crystals of Ethylenedinitramine (EDNA) with modified performance and improved chemical stability

In the area of energetic materials, co-crystallization is emerging as a new technology for modifying or enhancing the properties of existing energetic substances. Ethylenedinitramine (EDNA) is a known energetic material which requires attention partly due to its chemical instability originating with its two highly acidic protons. In order to stabilize EDNA, a co-crystallization approach targeting the acidic protons using a series of co-crystallizing agents with suitable hydrogen-bond acceptors was employed. Fifteen attempted co-crystallizations resulted in eight successful outcomes and six of these were crystallographically characterized and all showed evidence of hydrogen bonds to the intended protons. Calculated detonation properties and experimental thermal and impact data for the co-crystals were obtained and compared with those of pure EDNA. The co-crystal of EDNA and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene was recognized as a more thermally stable alternative to EDNA while the co-crystal of EDNA and pyrazine N,N'-dioxide showed comparable detonation strengths (and much improved chemical stability) compared with that of EDNA. The co-crystals EDNA:4,4'-bipyridine and EDNA:pyrazine N,N'-dioxide were found to be about 50 % less impact sensitive than EDNA, all of which illustrate how co-crystallizations can be utilized for successfully modifying specific aspects of energetic materials.

N-Trinitroethyl-substituted azoxyfurazan: high detonation performance energetic materials

An N-nitrated trinitroethylamino azoxyfurazan derivative reported here possesses oxygen balance of near zero (+2.5%) and exhibits outstanding properties (Δ_fH_m, 962.1 kJ mol⁻¹; D, 9458 m s⁻¹; P, 41.2 GPa).