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Ogundele AK, Mola GT. Semiconductor quantum dots as a mechanism to enhance charge transfer processes in polymer solar cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140453. [PMID: 37844707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The light trapping capability of thin film polymer solar absorber, composed of poly (3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61- butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC60BM) blend, is improved using ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (QD) as third donor-acceptor (D:A) component. The inherent characteristics of the microwave-assisted synthesized ZnS QD, such as quantum size effect, and multiple exciton generation were leveraged in harvesting high energy photons, which resulted in a better exciton generation, dissociation, and effective charge transport in the polymer medium. The synthesized QD exhibited good phase purity, effective kinetic enhancement, and control of the aggregation process. Hence, the impact of ZnS QD on the performance of thin film polymer solar cells (TFPSC) is evident by a remarkable improvement in the measured photovoltaic parameters. Nonetheless, it is observed that the device performances are generally dependent on the concentration of the QD in the absorber layer. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency has increased by 58% at 3% concentration of QDs by weight. This is an interesting development of TFPSC fabricated under an ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Kazeem Ogundele
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Genene Tessema Mola
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
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Thulaseedharan Nair Sailaja S, Maisuls I, Kösters J, Hepp A, Faust A, Voskuhl J, Strassert CA. Naphthalonitriles featuring efficient emission in solution and in the solid state. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2960-2970. [PMID: 33335604 PMCID: PMC7722630 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a series of γ-substituted diphenylnaphthalonitriles were synthesized and characterized. They show efficient emission in solution and in the aggregated state and their environment responsiveness is based on having variable substituents at the para-position of the two phenyl moieties. The excited state properties were fully investigated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions and in THF/H2O mixtures. The size of the aggregates in aqueous media were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy studies revealed that all the molecules show intense fluorescence both in solution and in the aggregated state. In THF solutions, a blue emission was observed for the unsubstituted (H), methyl- (Me) and tert-butyl- (t-Bu) substituted γ-diphenylnaphthalonitriles, which can be attributed to a weak π-donor capability of these groups. On the other hand, the methoxy- (OMe), methylsulfanyl- (SMe) and dimethylamino- (NMe2) substituted compounds exhibit a progressive red-shift in emission compared to H, Me and t-Bu due to a growing π-electron donating capability. Interestingly, upon aggregation in water-containing media, H, Me and t-Bu show a slight red-shift of the emission and a blue-shift is observed for OMe, SMe and NMe2. The crystal structure of Me allowed a detailed discussion of the structure–property relationship. Clearly, N-containing substituents such as NMe2 possess more electron-donating ability than the S-based moieties such as SMe. Moreover, it was found that NMe2 showed higher luminescence quantum yields (ΦF) in comparison to SMe, indicating that N-substituted groups could enhance the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, the π-donor nature of the substituents on the phenyl ring constitutes the main parameter that influences the photophysical properties, such as excited state lifetimes and photoluminescence quantum yields. Hence, a series of highly luminescent materials from deep blue to red emission depending on substitution and environment is reported with potential applications in sensing, bioimaging and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Thulaseedharan Nair Sailaja
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faust
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Waldeyerstr.15, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Pithan PM, Ihmels H. Studies on the photocyclization reaction of 8‐styryl‐substituted coralyne derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phil Marvin Pithan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, and Center of Micro‐ and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, and Center of Micro‐ and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
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Achelle S, Rodríguez‐López J, Bureš F, Robin‐le Guen F. Tuning the Photophysical Properties of Push‐Pull Azaheterocyclic Chromophores by Protonation: A Brief Overview of a French‐Spanish‐Czech Project. CHEM REC 2019; 20:440-451. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Achelle
- Université de Rennes, CNRSInstitut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes – UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Julián Rodríguez‐López
- Área de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías QuímicasUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha Avda. Camillo José Cela 10 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Pardubice Studenská 573 Pardubice 53210 Czech Republic
| | - Françoise Robin‐le Guen
- Université de Rennes, CNRSInstitut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes – UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
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Klikar M, Solanke P, Tydlitát J, Bureš F. Alphabet-Inspired Design of (Hetero)Aromatic Push-Pull Chromophores. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1886-905. [PMID: 27272649 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Push-pull molecules represent a unique and fascinating class of organic π-conjugated materials. Herein, we provide a summary of their recent extraordinary design inspired by letters of the alphabet, especially focusing on H-, L-, T-, V-, X-, and Y-shaped molecules. Representative structures from each class were presented and their fundamental properties and prospective applications were discussed. In particular, emphasis is given to molecules recently prepared in our laboratory with T-, X-, and Y-shaped arrangements based on indan-1,3-dione, benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, and triphenylamine. These push-pull molecules turned out to be very efficient charge-transfer chromophores with tunable properties suitable for second-order nonlinear optics, two-photon absorption, reversible pH-induced and photochromic switching, photocatalysis, and intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Parmeshwar Solanke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tydlitát
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
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Tasior M, Bald I, Deperasińska I, Cywiński PJ, Gryko DT. An internal charge transfer-dependent solvent effect in V-shaped azacyanines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11714-20. [PMID: 26483360 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New V-shaped non-centrosymmetric dyes, possessing a strongly electron-deficient azacyanine core, have been synthesized based on a straightforward two-step approach. The key step in this synthesis involves palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of dibromo-N,N'-methylene-2,2'-azapyridinocyanines with arylacetylenes. The resulting strongly polarized π-expanded heterocycles exhibit green to orange fluorescence and they strongly respond to changes in solvent polarity. We demonstrate that differently electron-donating peripheral groups have a significant influence on the internal charge transfer, hence on the solvent effect and fluorescence quantum yield. TD-DFT calculations confirm that, in contrast to the previously studied bis(styryl)azacyanines, the proximity of S1 and T2 states calculated for compounds bearing two 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylethynyl moieties establishes good conditions for efficient intersystem crossing and is responsible for its low fluorescence quantum yield. Non-linear properties have also been determined for new azacyanines and the results show that depending on peripheral groups, the synthesized dyes exhibit small to large two-photon absorption cross sections reaching 4000 GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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Solanke P, Bureš F, Pytela O, Klikar M, Mikysek T, Mager L, Barsella A, Růžičková Z. T-Shaped (Donor-π-)2Acceptor-π-Donor Push-Pull Systems Based on Indan-1,3-dione. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dokládalová L, Bureš F, Kuznik W, Kityk IV, Wojciechowski A, Mikysek T, Almonasy N, Ramaiyan M, Padělková Z, Kulhánek J, Ludwig M. Dicyanobenzene and dicyanopyrazine derived X-shaped charge-transfer chromophores: comparative and structure-property relationship study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5517-27. [PMID: 24948026 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00901k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel X-shaped push-pull compounds based on benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile has been designed, synthesized and further investigated by X-ray analysis, electrochemistry, absorption and emission spectra, SHG experiment and quantum-chemical calculations. The obtained data were compared with those for isolobal 5,6-disubstituted pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles. Structure-property relationships were elucidated. The extension, composition and planarization of the π-linker used as well as the electron-withdrawing ability of both dicyano-substituted acceptor units affect the linear and nonlinear properties of the target charge-transfer chromophores most significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dokládalová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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Yue X, Armijo Z, King K, Bondar MV, Morales AR, Frazer A, Mikhailov IA, Przhonska OV, Belfield KD. Steady-state and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of new two-photon absorbing fluorene-containing quinolizinium cation membrane probes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2833-2846. [PMID: 25622309 DOI: 10.1021/am508093p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, linear photophysical characterization, and nonlinear optical properties of two new symmetrical fluorene-containing quinolizinium derivatives, 2,8-bis((E)-2-(7-(diphenylamino)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)vinyl)quinolizinium hexafluorophosphate (1) and 2,8-bis((E)-2-(7-((7-(diphenylamino)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethynyl)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2yl)vinyl)quinolizinium hexafluorophosphate (2), are reported. The nature of the dual-band steady-state fluorescence emission of 1 and 2 was determined, and violation of Kasha's rule along with a strong dependence on solvent polarity were shown. A relatively complex structure of two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra of 1 and 2, with maximum cross sections of ∼400-600 GM, was determined using the open aperture Z-scan method. Different types of fast relaxation processes with characteristic times of 0.3-0.5 ps and 1.5-2 ps were observed in the excited states of the new compounds via femtosecond transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy. To better understand the photophysical behavior of 1 and 2, a quantum-mechanical study was undertaken using TD-DFT and ZINDO/S methods. Simulated linear absorption spectra were found to be in good agreement with experimental data, while 2PA cross sections were overestimated. Although the new dyes were highly fluorescent in nonpolar solvents, they were essentially nonfluorescent in polar media. Significantly, the quinolizinium dyes exhibited fluorescence turn-on behavior upon binding to bovine serum album (BSA) protein, exhibiting over 4-fold fluorescence enhancement, which was a finding that was leveraged to demonstrate cell membrane fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida , P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Liu Z, Hao F, Xu H, Wang H, Wu J, Tian Y. A-π-D-π-A pyridinium salts: synthesis, crystal structures, two-photon absorption properties and application to biological imaging. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Muhammad S, Shkir M, AlFaify S, Irfan A, Al-Sehemi AG. Combined experimental and computational insights into the key features of l-alanine l-alaninium picrate monohydrate: growth, structural, electronic and nonlinear optical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprising experimental and theoretical techniques we have highlighted the key features of LALAPM for electro-optical applications
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics
- College of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Shkir
- Department of Physics
- College of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
| | - S. AlFaify
- Department of Physics
- College of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
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Hatua K, Nandi PK. Static second hyperpolarizability of Λ shaped alkaline earth metal complexes. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633614500394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of Λ shaped complexes of alkaline earth metals Be , Mg and Ca with varying terminal groups have been considered for the theoretical study of their second hyperpolarizability. The chosen complexes are found to be sufficiently stable and for a chosen ligand the stability decreases in the order: Be -complex > Ca -complex > Mg -complex. The calculated results of second hyperpolarizability obtained at different DFT functionals for the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set are found to be fairly consistent. The Λ shaped ligands upon complex formation with metals lead to strong enhancement of second hyperpolarizability. The highest magnitude of cubic polarizability has been predicted for the metal complex having > C ( C 2 H 5)2 group. For a chosen ligand, the magnitude of second hyperpolarizability increases in the order Be -complex < Mg -complex < Ca -complex which is the order of increasing size and electropositive character of the metal. The variation of second hyperpolarizability among the investigated metal complexes has been explained in terms of the transition energy and transition moment associated with the most intense electronic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Hatua
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India
| | - Prasanta K. Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India
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Wong WY, Lee SF, Chan HS, Mak TCW, Wong CH, Huang LS, Stoddart JF, Cham-Fai Leung K. Recognition between V- and dumbbell-shaped molecules. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ramirez MA, Custodio R, Cuadro AM, Alvarez-Builla J, Clays K, Asselberghs I, Mendicuti F, Castaño O, Andrés JL, Vaquero JJ. Synthesis of charged bis-heteroaryl donor–acceptor (D–A+) NLO-phores coupling (π-deficient–π-excessive) heteroaromatic rings. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7145-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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