1
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Zhou Y, Jiang F, Yue X, Wang X, Guo W. Chromium(III)-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of meso-Epoxides via Remote Stereocontrol: Synthesis of Chiral Fluorenes Bearing All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters. Org Lett 2024; 26:877-882. [PMID: 38264979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
An asymmetric desymmetrization of fluorene-derived meso-epoxides is disclosed for the construction of chiral fluorenes bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter at C9. This desymmetrization is catalyzed by a chiral (salen)CrIII complex via remote stereocontrol, producing diverse chiral fluorenes with excellent yields and stereoselectivity. The practicality of this protocol was demonstrated through the transformation of the obtained products to some intriguing enantioenriched polymerizable monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yue
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Light Industry Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Guo
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
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2
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Kumari N, Mahata A, Chakraborty B. Mechanistic Insights into the Appel Reaction Mediated by a Poly-Phosphamide Material as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19622-19630. [PMID: 37982144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to notable thermochemical stability, polyphosphamides are often regarded as flame retardants, while molecular phosphamides can serve as versatile Lewis base to catalyze diverse organic transformations. Being chemically analogous to phosphine oxide, phosphamide can also be considered as a mediator for the phosphine-mediated reaction. Herein, an amorphous polymeric material consisting of phosphamide (-NH-P(O)) in the repeating unit (POP) has been prepared via condensation of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) and phenyl phosphinic dichloride (PPDC). The POP is isolated as a metal-free and pure organic material which is made of a strong covalent bond and the phosphamide unit is deployed in the organic framework. The presence of phosphamide in the repeating unit of the isolated amorphous POP material can be confirmed by 31P CPMAS NMR, FTIR, and Raman studies. The core-level N 2p and P 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra are in accordance with the presence of tertiary amine nitrogen attached to carbon and secondary amine nitrogen attached to phosphorus. Elemental analyses have depicted approximately 19.7% of phosphorus content in the material, which is being utilized to study the catalytic Appel reaction with 76% conversion of alcohol to a corresponding halide and TON of 462. Quasi in situ Raman study has identified that amino phosphine formed via in situ reduction of the phosphamide unit of the POP catalyzes the halogenation of primary and secondary alcohols with wide substrate scope and functional group tolerance. Kinetic studies have established a first-order dependence with respect to alcohol, while deuterium labeling experiments emphasize that the deprotonation of alcohol is the rate-limiting step. High thermal stability of the material, scope of easy catalyst recyclability, and a cumulative TON of 1386 have led the POP as an emerging pure organic material to be explored further for other phosphine-mediated organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswarup Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
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3
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Kumari N, Mahata A, Chakraborty B. Immobilization of Phosphamide on the TiO 2 Surface for Heterogeneous Phase Catalytic Appel Reaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7728-7737. [PMID: 37148267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global consumption of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) for phosphorus-mediated organic synthesis and production of the dead-end triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3PO) waste is exceptionally high. Recycling Ph3PO and/or use of it as a reaction mediator gained significant attention. On the other end, phosphamides, traditionally used as a flame redundant, are stable analogues to Ph3PO. Herein, via a low temperature condensation reaction of methyl 4-(aminomethyl)benzoate (AMB) and diphenyl phosphinic chloride (DPPC), methyl 4-((N,N-diphenylphosphinamido)methyl)benzoate (1) has been synthesized and hydrolysis of the ester functional group of 1 leads to a phosphamide with a carboxylate terminal, 4-((N,N-diphenylphosphinamido)methyl)benzoic acid (2). The presence of phosphamide functionality (NH─P═O) in 2 can be confirmed by its characteristic Raman vibration at 999 cm-1 with expected P-N and P═O bonds distances from the single-crystal X-ray structure. In-situ hydrolysis of [Ti(OiPr)4] in the presence of 2 followed by hydrothermal heating results in immobilization of 2 on a ca. 5 nm TiO2 surface (2@TiO2). The covalent attachment of 2 via coordination through the carboxylate terminal to the TiO2 nanocrystal's surface has been established via multiple spectroscopic and microscopic studies. 2@TiO2 is further used as the heterogeneous mediator for the catalytic Appel reaction, halogenation of alcohol (typically mediated by phosphine), with a fair catalytic conversion and a recorded TON up to 31. The major advantage of the heterogeneous approach studied herein is the recovery of used 2@TiO2 from the reaction mixture via centrifugation only leaving the organic product in the supernatant, which is limiting in Ph3P-mediated homogeneous catalysis. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy confirms amino phosphine as the active species formed in-situ during the catalytic Appel reaction. Post-catalytic characterization of the material recovered after catalysis from the reaction mixture confirms the chemical integrity and that can further be utilized for another two catalytic runs. The developed reaction scheme showcases the use of a phosphamide as a reactive analogue to Ph3PO for an organic reaction in a heterogeneous approach, and the same strategy can be explored further as a general scheme for other phosphorus-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anup Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Biswarup Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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4
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Friedel-Crafts-Type Acylation and Amidation Reactions in Strong Brønsted Acid: Taming Superelectrophiles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185984. [PMID: 36144714 PMCID: PMC9503166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss Friedel-Crafts-type aromatic amidation and acylation reactions, not exhaustively, but mainly based on our research results. The electrophilic species involved are isocyanate cation and acylium cation, respectively, and both have a common +C=O structure, which can be generated from carboxylic acid functionalities in a strong Brønsted acid. Carbamates substituted with methyl salicylate can be easily ionized to the isocyanate cation upon (di)protonation of the salicylate. Carboxylic acids can be used directly as a source of acylium cations. However, aminocarboxylic acids are inert in acidic media because two positively charged sites, ammonium and acylium cation, will be generated, resulting in energetically unfavorable charge-charge repulsion. Nevertheless, the aromatic acylation of aminocarboxylic acids can be achieved by using tailored phosphoric acid esters as Lewis bases to abrogate the charge-charge repulsion. Both examples tame the superelectrophilic character.
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5
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Caballero-García G, Goodman JM. N-Triflylphosphoramides: highly acidic catalysts for asymmetric transformations. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9565-9618. [PMID: 34723293 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Triflylphosphoramides (NTPA), have become increasingly popular catalysts in the development of enantioselective transformations as they are stronger Brønsted acids than the corresponding phosphoric acids (PA). Their highly acidic, asymmetric active site can activate difficult, unreactive substrates. In this review, we present an account of asymmetric transformations using this type of catalyst that have been reported in the past ten years and we classify these reactions using the enantio-determining step as the key criterion. This compendium of NTPA-catalysed reactions is organised into the following categories: (1) cycloadditions, (2) electrocyclisations, polyene and related cyclisations, (3) addition reactions to imines, (4) electrophilic aromatic substitutions, (5) addition reactions to carbocations, (6) aldol and related reactions, (7) addition reactions to double bonds, and (8) rearrangements and desymmetrisations. We highlight the use of NTPA in total synthesis and suggest mnemonics which account for their enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M Goodman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Hu CX, Chen L, Hu D, Song X, Chen ZC, Du W, Chen YC. Construction of Enantioenriched 9H-Fluorene Frameworks via a Cascade Reaction Involving Remote Vinylogous Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Org Lett 2020; 22:8973-8977. [PMID: 33175549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Di Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
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7
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Heydari M, Masoumi B. Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Friedel‐Crafts Reactions: An Update. CHEM REC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M. Heravi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University POBox 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran Tel.: +98 21 88044051 fax: +98 21 88041344
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University POBox 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran Tel.: +98 21 88044051 fax: +98 21 88041344
| | - Masumeh Heydari
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University POBox 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran Tel.: +98 21 88044051 fax: +98 21 88041344
| | - Baharak Masoumi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University POBox 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran Tel.: +98 21 88044051 fax: +98 21 88041344
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8
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Isomura M, Petrone DA, Carreira EM. Coordination-Induced Stereocontrol over Carbocations: Asymmetric Reductive Deoxygenation of Racemic Tertiary Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4738-4748. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Isomura
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A. Petrone
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Sun Z, Huang Q, Han J, He W, Chen J, Xu Y, Deng H, Shao M, Zhang H, Cao W. Facile synthesis of perfluoroalkylated fluorenes via a one-pot two-step three-component process. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Wan Y, Wang HQ, Xu MM, Mei GJ, Shi F. Direct C3-arylations of 2-indolylmethanols with tryptamines and tryptophols via an umpolung strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1536-1542. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03182c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A Brønsted acid-catalyzed direct C3-arylation of 2-indolylmethanols with tryptamines and tryptophols has been established, leading to a series of potentially bioactive 2,3′-biindole derivatives with a broad substrate scope and generally good yields (38 examples, up to 96% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Hai-Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Meng-Meng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
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11
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Simón L. Enantioselectivity in CPA-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction of indole and N-tosylimines: a challenge for guiding models. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2225-2238. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02875j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reaction models derived from theoretical investigations for predicting the enantioselectivity of organocatalytic reactions are very useful, but difficult to formulate for the Friedel–Crafts reaction of indole and N-tosylimines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad de Salamanca
- Salamanca E37004
- Spain
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12
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Challa C, Ravindran J, Konai MM, Varughese S, Jacob J, Kumar BSD, Haldar J, Lankalapalli RS. Expedient Synthesis of Indolo[2,3- b]quinolines, Chromeno[2,3- b]indoles, and 3-Alkenyl-oxindoles from 3,3'-Diindolylmethanes and Evaluation of Their Antibiotic Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5187-5195. [PMID: 30023741 PMCID: PMC6044809 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Easily accessible 3,3'-diindolylmethanes (DIMs) were utilized to generate a focused library of indolo[2,3-b]quinolines (2), chromeno[2,3-b]indoles (3), and 3-alkenyl-oxindoles (4) under 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ)-mediated oxidative conditions. DIMs with ortho-NHTosyl (NHTs) phenyl group afforded indolo[2,3-b]quinolines (2), whereas DIMs with ortho-hydroxy phenyl groups yielded chromeno[2,3-b]indoles (3) and 3-alkenyl-oxindoles (4). The mild conditions and excellent yields of the products make this method a good choice to access a diverse library of bioactive molecules from a common starting material. Two optimized compounds 2a and 2n displayed excellent activity against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Compound 2a showed the minimum inhibitory concentration values in the concentration between 1 and 4 μg/mL, whereas compound 2n revealed the values of 1-2 μg/mL. Furthermore, both the compounds were highly bactericidal and capable to kill the MRSA completely within 360 min. Collectively, the results suggested that both compounds 2a and 2n possess enormous potential to be developed as anti-MRSA agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Challa
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Jaice Ravindran
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Mohini Mohan Konai
- Antimicrobial
Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil Varughese
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Jubi Jacob
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - B. S. Dileep Kumar
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial
Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi S. Lankalapalli
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
- E-mail:
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13
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Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. Addition and Correction to Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal Phosphates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10608-10620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jian Mei
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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15
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Deshidi R, Devari S, Rizvi M, Shah BA. Regio-Selective Phosphation and Phosphonation of 9-Fluorenones. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Deshidi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Natural Product Microbes; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Institution; Canal Road Jammu -Tawi India 180001
| | - Shekaraiah Devari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Natural Product Microbes; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Institution; Canal Road Jammu -Tawi India 180001
| | - Masood Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Natural Product Microbes; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Institution; Canal Road Jammu -Tawi India 180001
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16
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Huang D, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang X, Hu Y. Copper(II) triflate-catalyzed and tosyl isocyanate-mediated three-step tandem synthesis of 9-arylfluorenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hong
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Rui Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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18
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Sumita A, Otani Y, Ohwada T. Tandem buildup of complexity of aromatic molecules through multiple successive electrophile generation in one pot, controlled by varying the reaction temperature. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1680-93. [PMID: 26699842 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While some sequential electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, known as tandem/domino/cascade reactions, have been reported for the construction of aromatic single skeletons, one of the most interesting and challenging possibilities remains the one-pot build-up of a complex aromatic molecule from multiple starting components, i.e., ultimately multi-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. In this work, we show how tuning of the leaving group ability of phenolate derivatives from carbamates and esters provides a way to successively generate multiple unmasked electrophiles in a controlled manner in one pot, simply by varying the temperature. Here, we demonstrate the autonomous formation of up to three bonds in one pot and formation of two bonds arising from a three-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. This result provides a proof-of-concept of our strategy applicable for the self-directed construction of complex aromatic structures from multiple simple molecules, which can be a potential avenue to realize multi-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Sumita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Chu XQ, Liu D, Xing ZH, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkenes with Organohalides. Org Lett 2016; 18:776-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Xing
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Song J, Li Y, Sun W, Yi C, Wu H, Wang H, Ding K, Xiao K, Liu C. Efficient palladium-catalyzed C(sp2)–H activation towards the synthesis of fluorenes. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02033j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed palladium-catalyzed direct arylation via C–H activation adopting diphenylmethane type reactants for the synthesis of fluorene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yali Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Suzhou Research Institute of LICP
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
| | - Chenglong Yi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Keran Ding
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Suzhou Research Institute of LICP
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
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21
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Huang D, Yang W, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang X, Hu Y. Lewis acid-catalyzed tandem synthesis of 9-sulfonylamino- and 9-arylfluorenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A Lewis acid-catalyzed three-step tandem synthesis of 9-arylfluorene was developed by simply heating a mixture of 2-formyl biphenyl, TsNCO and an arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
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22
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Sharma S, Sultan S, Devari S, Shah BA. Radical–radical cross coupling reactions of photo-excited fluorenones. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9645-9649. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01879c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical–radical cross coupling reactions of photoexcited 9-fluorenones have been accomplished for the first time, leading to the synthesis of 9-alkyl, pyrollidinyl and spiro-THF derivatives of 9-fluorenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmi Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
| | - Shaista Sultan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
| | - Shekaraiah Devari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
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23
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Lv J, Zhang Q, Zhong X, Luo S. Asymmetric Latent Carbocation Catalysis with Chiral Trityl Phosphate. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15576-83. [PMID: 26594778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbocations such as tritylium ions have been widely explored as organic Lewis acid catalysts and reagents in organic synthesis. However, achieving asymmetric carbocation catalysis remains elusive ever since they were first identified over one century ago. The challenges mainly come from their limited compatibility, scarcity of chiral carbocations, as well as the extremely low barrier to racemization of chiral carbenium ions. We reported here a latent concept for asymmetric carbocation catalysis. In this strategy, chiral trityl phosphate is employed as the carbocation precursor, which undergoes facile ionic dissociation upon mild external stimulation (e.g., acid, H-bonding, polar substrates) to form a catalytically active chiral ion pair for substrate activation and chiral induction. The latent strategy provides a solution for the long sought-after asymmetric carbocation catalysis as illustrated in three different enantioselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qichao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingren Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Zhou AH, Pan F, Zhu C, Ye LW. Recent Progress towards Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fluorenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:10278-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Dalpozzo R. Strategies for the asymmetric functionalization of indoles: an update. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:742-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past four years, the research of new synthetic methodologies for the rapid construction of enantiomerically pure substituted indole has had a fruitful and important growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Dalpozzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Cubo 12/C I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs)
- Italy
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26
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Kataja AO, Masson G. Imine and iminium precursors as versatile intermediates in enantioselective organocatalysis. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Isaac K, Stemper J, Servajean V, Retailleau P, Pastor J, Frison G, Kaupmees K, Leito I, Betzer JF, Marinetti A. Planar Chiral Phosphoric Acids with Biphenylene-Tethered Paracyclophane Scaffolds: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Screening. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9639-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501769t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Isaac
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, 1, av. de la
Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérémy Stemper
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, 1, av. de la
Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Servajean
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, 1, av. de la
Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, 1, av. de la
Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Pastor
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Moléculaire, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, UMR 9168, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Frison
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Moléculaire, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, UMR 9168, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jean-François Betzer
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, 1, av. de la
Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Angela Marinetti
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, 1, av. de la
Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. Complete field guide to asymmetric BINOL-phosphate derived Brønsted acid and metal catalysis: history and classification by mode of activation; Brønsted acidity, hydrogen bonding, ion pairing, and metal phosphates. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9047-153. [PMID: 25203602 DOI: 10.1021/cr5001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1519] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dixit Parmar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Wang L, Chen Y, Xiao J. Alkylideneindoleninium Ions and Alkylideneindolenines: Key Intermediates for the Asymmetric Synthesis of 3-Indolyl Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Zhao W, Wang Z, Chu B, Sun J. Enantioselective Formation of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters from Indoles and Tertiary Alcohols Bearing A Directing Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Zhao W, Wang Z, Chu B, Sun J. Enantioselective Formation of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters from Indoles and Tertiary Alcohols Bearing A Directing Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1910-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Le Corre SS, Berchel M, Couthon-Gourvès H, Haelters JP, Jaffrès PA. Atherton-Todd reaction: mechanism, scope and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1166-96. [PMID: 24991268 PMCID: PMC4077366 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, the Atherton-Todd (AT) reaction was applied for the synthesis of phosphoramidates by reacting dialkyl phosphite with a primary amine in the presence of carbon tetrachloride. These reaction conditions were subsequently modified with the aim to optimize them and the reaction was extended to different nucleophiles. The mechanism of this reaction led to controversial reports over the past years and is adequately discussed. We also present the scope of the AT reaction. Finally, we investigate the AT reaction by means of exemplary applications, which mainly concern three topics. First, we discuss the activation of a phenol group as a phosphate which allows for subsequent transformations such as cross coupling and reduction. Next, we examine the AT reaction applied to produce fire retardant compounds. In the last section, we investigate the use of the AT reaction for the production of compounds employed for biological applications. The selected examples to illustrate the applications of the Atherton-Todd reaction mainly cover the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie S Le Corre
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Hélène Couthon-Gourvès
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Haelters
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, SynNanoVect, IFR 148 ScInBIoS, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
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33
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Zhuo MH, Jiang YJ, Fan YS, Gao Y, Liu S, Zhang S. Enantioselective synthesis of triarylmethanes by chiral imidodiphosphoric acids catalyzed Friedel-Crafts reactions. Org Lett 2014; 16:1096-9. [PMID: 24490630 DOI: 10.1021/ol403680c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective synthesis of pyrrolyl-substituted triarylmethanes has been accomplished using a novel imidodiphosphoric acid catalyst, which is derived from two (R)-BINOL frameworks with different 3,3'-substituents. This strategy was also expanded to the synthesis of bis(indolyl)-substituted triarylmethanes with high enantioselectivities, which could only be obtained with moderate ee values in previous reports. These two efficient Friedel-Crafts alkylation processes feature low catalyst loading, broad functional group compatibilities, and the potential to provide practical pathways for the synthesis of enantioenriched bioactive triarylmethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Zhuo
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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34
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Fu A, Meng W, Li H, Nie J, Ma JA. A density functional study of chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed direct arylation of trifluoromethyl ketone and diarylation of methyl ketone: reaction mechanism and the important role of the CF3 group. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1908-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Naredla RR, Klumpp DA. Contemporary Carbocation Chemistry: Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6905-48. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekhar Reddy Naredla
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115,
United States
| | - Douglas A. Klumpp
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115,
United States
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36
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Grayson MN, Goodman JM. Understanding the Mechanism of the Asymmetric Propargylation of Aldehydes Promoted by 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol-Derived Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6142-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Grayson
- Unilever Centre for Molecular
Science Informatics,
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- Unilever Centre for Molecular
Science Informatics,
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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37
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Zeng M, Zhang W, You S. One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles by ChiralN-Triflyl Phosphoramide Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of 4,7-Dihydroindole withβ,γ-Unsaturatedα-Keto Esters. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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