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Molla R, Joshi PN, Reddy NC, Biswas D, Rai V. Protein-Protein Interaction in Multicomponent Reaction Enables Chemoselective, Site-Selective, and Modular Labeling of Native Proteins. Org Lett 2023; 25:6385-6390. [PMID: 37603545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
A protein's pool of functionalities presents a formidable challenge for its single-site modification. Here, we report a method to harness protein-protein interaction (PPI) to drive selective modification. It involves the chemoselective reversible generation of reactive intermediates and utilizes PPI-specificity to drive the subsequent site-selective irreversible step. The disintegrate (DIN) theory-driven multicomponent aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction offers homogeneous and modular single-site protein modification capable of late-stage mono- and dual-probe installation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, M.P., India
| | - Pralhad N Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, M.P., India
| | - Neelesh C Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, M.P., India
| | - Dwaipayan Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, M.P., India
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, M.P., India
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Boll LB, Raines RT. Context‐dependence of the Reactivity of Cysteine and Lysine Residues. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200258. [PMID: 35527228 PMCID: PMC9308718 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The S‐alkylation of Cys residues with a maleimide and the Nϵ‐acylation of Lys residues with an N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester are common methods for bioconjugation. Using Cys and Lys derivatives as proxies, we assessed differences in reactivity depending on the position of Cys or Lys in a protein sequence. We find that Cys position is exploitable to improve site‐selectivity in maleimide‐based modifications. Reactivity decreases substantially in the order N‐terminal>in‐chain>C‐terminal Cys due to modulation of sulfhydryl pKa by the α‐ammonium and carboxylate groups at the termini. A lower pKa value yields a larger fraction thiolate, which promotes selectivity while somewhat decreasing thiolate nucleophilicity in accord with βnuc
=0.41. Lowering pH and salt concentration enhances selectivity still further. In contrast, differences in the reactivity of Lys towards an NHS ester were modest due to an appreciable decrease in amino group nucleophilicity with a lower pKa of its conjugate acid. Hence, site‐selective Lys modification protocols will require electrophiles other than NHS esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus B. Boll
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 77 Massachusetts Avenue 02139 Cambridge UNITED STATES
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 18-498 02139-4307 Cambridge UNITED STATES
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Heiss TK, Dorn RS, Prescher JA. Bioorthogonal Reactions of Triarylphosphines and Related Analogues. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6802-6849. [PMID: 34101453 PMCID: PMC10064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal phosphines were introduced in the context of the Staudinger ligation over 20 years ago. Since that time, phosphine probes have been used in myriad applications to tag azide-functionalized biomolecules. The Staudinger ligation also paved the way for the development of other phosphorus-based chemistries, many of which are widely employed in biological experiments. Several reviews have highlighted early achievements in the design and application of bioorthogonal phosphines. This review summarizes more recent advances in the field. We discuss innovations in classic Staudinger-like transformations that have enabled new biological pursuits. We also highlight relative newcomers to the bioorthogonal stage, including the cyclopropenone-phosphine ligation and the phospha-Michael reaction. The review concludes with chemoselective reactions involving phosphite and phosphonite ligations. For each transformation, we describe the overall mechanism and scope. We also showcase efforts to fine-tune the reagents for specific functions. We further describe recent applications of the chemistries in biological settings. Collectively, these examples underscore the versatility and breadth of bioorthogonal phosphine reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bednarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ilona Wehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Wesalo JS, Deiters A. Fast phosphine-activated control of protein function using unnatural lysine analogues. Methods Enzymol 2020; 638:191-217. [PMID: 32416913 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective, general methods for conditionally activating proteins in their native biological environments are highly useful for biological studies. Since phosphines and azides are not found in pro- and eukaryotic cells, the Staudinger reduction can function as an excellent small molecule-controlled switch for protein activation. This methodology involves site-specifically incorporating azidobenyl-lysine analogues into proteins in live cells. When placed at a crucial position, these unnatural side chains block protein function until a phosphine trigger is added. We discuss methods for expressing caged proteins in bacterial and mammalian cells in high yields, and activating the proteins with an optimized phosphine trigger. We also discuss important considerations for safe and effective synthesis of these molecules. This methodology was used to translocate proteins to the nucleus and to turn-on a protein post-translational modification (SUMOylation) in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Wesalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Shemsi AM, Khanday FA, Qurashi A, Khalil A, Guerriero G, Siddiqui KS. Site-directed chemically-modified magnetic enzymes: fabrication, improvements, biotechnological applications and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:357-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yang J, Lou S, Kong D, Li C. Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets with a Heparinized StarPEG Nanocoating. J Vis Exp 2018:56879. [PMID: 29985314 PMCID: PMC6101986 DOI: 10.3791/56879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface engineering can protect implanted cells from host immune attack. It can also reshape cellular landscape to improve graft function and survival post-transplantation. This protocol aims to achieve surface engineering of pancreatic islets using an ultrathin heparin-incorporated starPEG (Hep-PEG) nanocoating. To generate the Hep-PEG nanocoating for pancreatic islet surface engineering, heparin succinimidyl succinate (Heparin-NHS) was first synthesized by modification of its carboxylate groups using N-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-N'-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The Hep-PEG mixture was then formed by crosslinking of the amino end-functionalized eight-armed starPEG (starPEG-(NH2)8) and Heparin-NHS. For islet surface coating, mouse islets were isolated via collagenase digestion and gradient purification using Histopaque. Isolated islets were then treated with ice cold Hep-PEG solution for 10 min to allow covalent binding between NHS and the amine groups of islet cell membrane. Nanocoating with the Hep-PEG incurs minimal alteration to islet size and volume and heparinization of the islets with Hep-PEG may also reduce instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction during islet transplantation. This "easy-to-adopt" approach is mild enough for surface engineering of living cells without compromising cell viability. Considering that heparin has shown binding affinity to multiple cytokines, the Hep-PEG nanocoating also provides an open platform that enables incorporation of unlimited functional biological mediators and multi-layered surfaces for living cell surface bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College
| | - Shaofeng Lou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College
| | - Deling Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College;
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Lou S, Zhang X, Zhang J, Deng J, Kong D, Li C. Pancreatic islet surface bioengineering with a heparin-incorporated starPEG nanofilm. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:24-31. [PMID: 28575981 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface engineering could protect implanted cells from host immune rejections while modify the cellular landscape for better post-transplantation graft function and survival. Islet transplantation is considered the most promising therapeutic option with the potential to cure diabetes. Current approach to improve clinical efficacy of pancreatic islet transplantation is alginate encapsulation. However, disappointing outcomes have been reported in clinical trials due to larger islet size resulted by encapsulation and alginate-elicited host immune responses. We have developed an ultrathin nanofilm of starPEG with incorporated heparin (Hep-PEG) that binds covalently to the amine groups of islet surface membrane via its N-hydroxysuccinimide groups. The Hep-PEG nanocoating elicited minimal alteration on islet volume in culture. Hep-PEG-coated islets exhibited robust islet viability accompanied by uncompromised islet insulin secretory function. Instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction was also reduced by Hep-PEG islet coating, accompanied by enhanced intra-islet revascularization. In addition, despite its semi-permeability, Hep-PEG islet coating promoted the survival of islets exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Considering that inflammation and hypoxia are primary causes of immediate cell loss for cell therapy, the Hep-PEG nanofilm represents a viable approach for cell surface engineering which would improve the clinical outcome of cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Lou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science& Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science& Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science& Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science& Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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Luo W, Gobbo P, Gunawardene PN, Workentin MS. Fluorogenic Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP) Substrate: A Model for the Controlled Release of Molecules from AuNP Nanocarriers via Interfacial Staudinger-Bertozzi Ligation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1908-1913. [PMID: 28061525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate small-molecule release from metallic nanoparticle substrates offers unprecedented opportunities for nanocarrier-based imaging, sensing, and drug-delivery applications. Herein we report a novel and highly specific release methodology off gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces based on the bioorthogonal Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation. A thiol ligand bearing the molecular cargo, a Rhodamine B dye derivative, was synthesized and used to modify small water-soluble 5 nm AuNPs. Upon incorporation into the AuNP monolayer, we observed efficient quenching of the dye emission, resulting in a very low level of fluorescence emission that provided the baseline from which cargo release was monitored. We examined the ability of these AuNPs to react with azide molecules via Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation on the nanoparticle surface by monitoring the fluorescence emission after the introduction of an organic azide. We observed an immediate increase in emission intensity upon azide addition, which corresponded to the release of the dye into the bulk solution. The 31P NMR spectrum of the AuNP product also agrees with the formation of the ligation product. Thus this system represents a novel and highly specific release methodology off AuNP surfaces that can have potential applications in drug delivery, sensing, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Luo
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Praveen N Gunawardene
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark S Workentin
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Abstract
Over the years, there have been remarkable efforts in the development of selective protein labeling strategies. In this review, we deliver a comprehensive overview of the currently available bioorthogonal and chemoselective reactions. The ability to introduce bioorthogonal handles to proteins is essential to carry out bioorthogonal reactions for protein labeling in living systems. We therefore summarize the techniques that allow for site-specific "installation" of bioorthogonal handles into proteins. We also highlight the biological applications that have been achieved by selective chemical labeling of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Du AW, Stenzel MH. Drug Carriers for the Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1097-114. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500169p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice W. Du
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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