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Maafi M, Al-Qarni MA. Photokinetics of Dacarbazine and Nifedipine under polychromatic light irradiation and their application as new reliable actinometers for the ultraviolet range. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7622. [PMID: 35538090 PMCID: PMC9090909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The photokinetic behaviour of drugs driven by polychromatic light is an area of pharmaceutics that has not received a lot of attention. Most often, such photokinetic data is treated by thermal kinetic models (i.e., the classical 0th-, 1st- or 2nd-order equations). Such models were not analytically derived from the rate-laws of the photodegradation reactions. Polychromatic light kinetic modelling is hence of importance, as a means to providing adequate toolkits and metrics. This paper aims at proposing two reliable drug-actinometers useful for polychromatic UVA range. The general actinometric methodology offered here is also useful for any drugs/materials obeying a primary photoprocess where both reactant and photoproduct absorb the incident light, of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$AB{(1\Phi )}_{{\varepsilon }_{B}\ne 0}$$\end{document}AB(1Φ)εB≠0 type. The present method has been consolidated by the η-order kinetics. This framework further demonstrated the lamp-specificity of actinometers. Overall, Dacarbazine and Nifedipine photodegradations obeyed η-order kinetics, and stand as effective actinometers that can be recommended for the ICH Q1b photostability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Maafi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Al-Qarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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A kinetic study of the photooxidation of water by aqueous cerium(IV) in sulfuric acid using a diode array spectrophotometer. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Some physical parameters influencing the comprehensive evaluation of kinetic data in photochemical reactions and its application in the periodate-chemistry. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Bukman L, de Freitas CF, Caetano W, Fernandes NRC, Hioka N, Batistela VR. Kinetic spectrophotometric method for real-time monitoring of ultraviolet photoreactions: A mini-photoreactor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 211:330-335. [PMID: 30583163 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed a new approach to evaluate the performance of ultraviolet photoreactions by integrating UV-LED and a UV-Vis cuvette as a mini-reactor for kinetic monitoring in a spectrophotometer not influenced by external light. This system uses only 3.0 mL of solutions in a rectangular quartz cuvette with a mini-bar magnetic stirrer in a cell holder and a UV-LED of 5 W with λmax at 370 nm was positioned on the top of the cuvette and maintained at 25.0 oC. The effectiveness of this photoreactor was demonstrated by measuring the real-time degradation of two model compounds, salicylic acid and methylene blue, in homogeneous and heterogenous systems. Photolysis of MB with H2O2 results in increasing of rate constants as [H2O2] increased. Heterogeneous photocatalysis of MB and SA was fastest achieved in ZnO dosage of 0,20 g.L-1. This mini-photoreactor allows monitoring the real-time kinetic performance collecting almost a thousand points in each experiment, leading to accurate rate constants. Moreover, this system presented positive environmental aspects such as: lower reactants and catalyst amounts, lower cost and waste amounts, use of the UV-LED radiation and labor time saving. This is a novel approach to determine the photoreaction effectiveness and it can be applied to systematic studies especially for the kinetic parameter determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Bukman
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5.790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wilker Caetano
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5.790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Noboru Hioka
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5.790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Vagner Roberto Batistela
- Technology Department, State University of Maringá, Av. Dr. Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca 1800, 87506-370 Umuarama, PR, Brazil.
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6
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7
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Stadler E, Eibel A, Fast D, Freißmuth H, Holly C, Wiech M, Moszner N, Gescheidt G. A versatile method for the determination of photochemical quantum yieldsviaonline UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:660-669. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-line UV-Vis monitoring of photochemical reactions driven by LEDs allows the straightforward determination of quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Stadler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - David Fast
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Hilde Freißmuth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Christian Holly
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Mathias Wiech
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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8
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Kiss V, Lehoczki G, Ősz K. Mathematical description of pH-stat kinetic traces measured during photochemical quinone decomposition. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:519-526. [PMID: 27942682 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00333h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substituted 1,4-benzoquinone (QR) derivatives are photosensitive in aqueous solution and form hydroquinones (QR-H2) and hydroxy-quinones (QR-OH), two weak acids in their photoreaction. For this reason, the kinetics of the photoreaction can be conveniently followed by the pH-stat titration technique. The mathematical description of the kinetic traces measured provides the two main parameters of the photoreaction: the differential quantum yield of the reaction (Φ) and the ratio of the two photo-products, i.e. the fraction of QR that is converted to QR-OH (α). These values are described in this paper for 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone at different pH values, together with the detailed mathematical evaluation of the application limits of the pH-stat method for such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virág Kiss
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Hungary.
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Sergejevs A, Clarke CT, Allsopp DWE, Marugan J, Jaroenworaluck A, Singhapong W, Manpetch P, Timmers R, Casado C, Bowen CR. A calibrated UV-LED based light source for water purification and characterisation of photocatalysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1690-1699. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalysis can become a cost effective industrial process for water cleaning. This paper describes the design and performance of a novel LED-based light engine for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sergejevs
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - C. T. Clarke
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - D. W. E. Allsopp
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | | | - A. Jaroenworaluck
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)
- Pathum Thani 12120
- Thailand
| | - W. Singhapong
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)
- Pathum Thani 12120
- Thailand
| | - P. Manpetch
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)
- Pathum Thani 12120
- Thailand
| | | | - C. Casado
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - C. R. Bowen
- Materials and Structures
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Bath
- UK
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10
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Pino-Chamorro JÁ, Ditrói T, Lente G, Fábián I. A detailed kinetic study of the direct photooxidation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Ditrói T, Kalmár J, Pino-Chamorro JA, Erdei Z, Lente G, Fábián I. Construction of a multipurpose photochemical reactor with on-line spectrophotometric detection. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:589-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00407a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile photoreactor was constructed from commercially available parts, which is capable of recording high quality kinetic traces in homogeneous and heterogeneous photoreactions and also easily adaptable to flow-through operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Ditrói
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- H-4010 Hungary
| | - József Kalmár
- MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group
- Debrecen
- H-4010 Hungary
| | | | - Zsolt Erdei
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- H-4010 Hungary
| | - Gábor Lente
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- H-4010 Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- H-4010 Hungary
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12
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Bogdándi V, Lente G, Fábián I. Kinetics of the oxidation of isoniazid with the hypochlorite ion. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid is oxidized within 1–10 seconds by the hypochlorite ion in a process that is first order with respect to both reactants and shows somewhat complicated stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virág Bogdándi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Gábor Lente
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen
- Hungary
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13
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Dóka E, Lente G, Fábián I. Kinetics of the autoxidation of sulfur(IV) co-catalyzed by peroxodisulfate and silver(I) ions. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9596-603. [PMID: 24827586 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00900b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between dissolved oxygen and sulfur(iv) was studied in aqueous acidic medium using co-catalysts peroxodisulfate and silver(i) ions. The presence of both catalysts was required to observe measurable rates in the studied process. The reaction rate was determined through following the UV-absorption of hydrated sulfur dioxide, and the trends were determined as a function of pH, reactant and catalyst concentrations. Individual kinetic curves under conditions where dissolved oxygen was the limiting reagent were close to zeroth-order. A chain mechanism with four chain carriers, sulfite, sulfate, peroxomonosulfate ion radical and silver(ii) ion, is proposed to interpret all the kinetic and stoichiometric findings, and an explicit formula was obtained for the rate law. The role of the co-catalysts is to produce chain carriers, whereas silver(i) and silver(ii) ions also participate in chain propagation steps. Further supporting evidence for the proposed mechanism was gained in laser flash photolysis studies, which showed that sulfate ion radical reacts quite rapidly with silver(i) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dóka
- University of Debrecen, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Debrecen 10, P.O.B. 21, H-4010, Hungary.
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14
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Józsa É, Purgel M, Bihari M, Fehér PP, Sustyák G, Várnagy B, Kiss V, Ladó E, Ősz K. Kinetic studies of hydroxyquinone formation from water soluble benzoquinones. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Kalmár J, Dóka É, Lente G, Fábián I. Aqueous photochemical reactions of chloride, bromide, and iodide ions in a diode-array spectrophotometer. Autoinhibition in the photolysis of iodide ions. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4862-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Lehóczki T, Józsa É, Ősz K. Ferrioxalate actinometry with online spectrophotometric detection. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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