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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Miao Y, Xu L, Yang X, Wang S, Zhang J, Xu C, Xiao C. Separation and Complexation of Trivalent Actinides and Lanthanides by Two Novel Asymmetric N,O-Hybrid Pyridyl Ligands: A Combination of Phosphoryl and Triazinyl Groups. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17911-17923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Miao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengliang Xiao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Mason MM, Smith C, Vasiliu M, Carrick JD, Dixon DA. Prediction of An(III)/Ln(III) Separation by 1,2,4-Triazinylpyridine Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6529-6542. [PMID: 34286991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of frustrated Lewis donors on metal selectivity between actinides and lanthanides was studied using a series of novel organic ligands. Structures and thermodynamic energies were predicted in the gas phase, in water, and in butanol using 9-coordinate, explicitly solvated (H2O) Eu, Gd, Am, and Cm in the +III oxidation state as reactants in the formation of complexes with 2-(6-[1,2,4]-triazin-3-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-indole (Core 1), 3-[6-(2H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl]-1,2,4-triazine (Core 2), and several derivatives. These complexations were studied using density functional theory (DFT) incorporating scalar relativistic effects on the actinides and lanthanides using a small core pseudopotential and corresponding basis set. A self-consistent reaction field approach was used to model the effect of water and butanol as solvents. Coordination preferences and metal selectivity are predicted for each ligand. Several ligands are predicted to have a high degree of selectivity, particularly when a low ionization potential in the ligand permits charge transfer to Eu(III), reducing it to Eu(II) and creating a half-filled f7 shell. Reasonable separation is predicted between Cm(III) and Gd(III) with Core 1 ligands, possibly due to ligand donor frustration. This separation is largely absent from Core 2 ligands, which are predicted to lose their frustration due to proton transfer from the 2N to the 3N position of the pyrazole component of the ligands via tautomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos M Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Caris Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Jesse D Carrick
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 803 Stadium Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505-0001, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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Separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides using various ‘N’, ‘S’ and mixed ‘N,O’ donor ligands: a review. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Separation of trivalent actinide (An) and lanthanide (Ln) elements is one of the burning topics in the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle due to the similarity in their chemical behaviour. A significant amount of research is being carried out worldwide to develop suitable ligands for the separation of the trivalent actinides and lanthanides. Some of the research groups are engaged in continuous improvement of the di-ethylene-triamine-penta acetic acid (DTPA) based Ln/An separation method, whereas extensive research is going on for the development of the lipophilic and hydrophilic ‘N’ donor heteropolycyclic ligands as the actinide selective ligand. A number of ‘S’ donor ligands are also explored for the Ln/An separation. In the present review, we made an attempt to highlight various separation processes based on soft donor ligands developed for Ln/An separations. Beside the conventional solvent extraction processes, separation possibilities membrane based and solid phase extraction techniques are evaluated for the Ln/An separation and are compiled in the present review.
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Zhang X, Yuan L, Chai Z, Shi W. A new solvent system containing N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-ditolyl-2,9-diamide-1,10-phenanthroline in 1-(trifluoromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene for highly selective UO 2 2+ extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Edwards AC, Wagner C, Geist A, Burton NA, Sharrad CA, Adams RW, Pritchard RG, Panak PJ, Whitehead RC, Harwood LM. Exploring electronic effects on the partitioning of actinides(iii) from lanthanides(iii) using functionalised bis-triazinyl phenanthroline ligands. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18102-18112. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Revealing how soft N-type donor ligands achieve minor actinide selectivity is fundamental in the design of new and improved extractants for advanced future fuel cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wagner
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT-INE)
- Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- University of Heidelberg
| | - Andreas Geist
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT-INE)
- Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Neil A. Burton
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Clint A. Sharrad
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - Petra J. Panak
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT-INE)
- Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- University of Heidelberg
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Bhattacharyya A, Gadly T, Pathak P, Ghosh SK, Mohapatra M, Ghanty TK, Mohapatra PK. Complexation of trivalent americium and lanthanides with terdentate 'N' donor ligands: the role of rigidity in the ligand structure. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:12422-9. [PMID: 25001925 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study on the Ln(3+) complexation behaviour with two terdentate 'N' donor ligands of varying structural rigidity, viz. 5,6-dimethyl-(1,2,4)-triazinylbipyridine (Me2TBipy) and 5,6-dimethyl-(1,2,4)-triazinylphenanthroline (Me2TPhen), is performed in the present work by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) studies. These studies indicate the formation of a 1 : 1 complex of La(3+), 1 : 2 complexes of Eu(3+) and Er(3+) with both the ligands. Density functional theoretical (DFT) study is carried out to determine the solution phase structure of the Eu(3+) complex considering the species (from UV-Vis spectrophotometry) and C2v site symmetry around the Eu(3+) ion (from TRFS study). Me2TPhen is found to be a stronger complexing ligand as compared to Me2TBipy irrespective of the Ln(3+) ions. The solid state crystal structure of the La(3+) complex of Me2TPhen is determined using the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) technique. The complexation of the trivalent Am(3+) ion is also studied with both these ligands using UV-Vis spectrophotometric titrations which show the formation of 1 : 2 complexes with higher complexation constant values as compared to all the Ln(3+) ions studied, indicating the selectivity of these ligands for the trivalent actinides over the lanthanides.
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Lewis FW, Harwood LM, Hudson MJ, Drew MGB, Hubscher-Bruder V, Videva V, Arnaud-Neu F, Stamberg K, Vyas S. BTBPs versus BTPhens: Some Reasons for Their Differences in Properties Concerning the Partitioning of Minor Actinides and the Advantages of BTPhens. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4993-5005. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3026842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence M. Harwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. B. Drew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Hubscher-Bruder
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178,
67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vladimira Videva
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178,
67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Arnaud-Neu
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178,
67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karel Stamberg
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519 Prague 1,
Czech Republic
| | - Shyam Vyas
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Chadwick House, Warrington
Road, Warrington WA3 6AE, United Kingdom
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Fang Y, Wu L, Liao J, Chen L, Yang Y, Liu N, He L, Zou S, Feng W, Yuan L. Pillar[5]arene-based phosphine oxides: novel ionophores for solvent extraction separation of f-block elements from acidic media. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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