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Salvitti C, Pepi F, Managò M, Bortolami M, Michenzi C, Chiarotto I, Troiani A, de Petris G. Free N-heterocyclic carbenes from Brønsted acidic ionic liquids: Direct detection by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9338. [PMID: 35729083 PMCID: PMC9542177 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The occurrence of N-heterocyclic carbenes in imidazolium-based ionic liquids has long been discussed, but no spectroscopic evidence has been reported yet due to their transient nature. The insertion of an ionizable acid group into the cation scaffold of an ionic liquid which acts as a charge tag allows for the direct detection of free carbenes by mass spectrometry. METHODS Three different Brønsted acidic ionic liquids were synthesized: 1-methyl-3-carboxymethylimidazolium chloride (MAICl), 1-methyl-3-carboxymethylimidazolium acetate (MAIAc) and the corresponding 2-(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)acetate zwitterion (MAI - H). The speciation of these compounds was then analysed by electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. RESULTS The C2-H deprotonation of the imidazolium cation leading to the formation of the corresponding carbene is highly affected by the basic properties of the counter-anion. In the case of MAICl and MAI - H ionic liquids, no charged species corresponding to the free N-heterocyclic carbene was detected. On the contrary, in the presence of a sufficiently basic anion, such as acetate of MAIAc ionic liquid, an intense signal related to the free carbenic species was observed without the addition of an external base. CONCLUSIONS In situ formation of free N-heterocyclic carbenes from Brønsted acidic ionic liquids was demonstrated, highlighting the crucial role of anion basicity in promoting the C2-H proton abstraction from imidazolium cations with a carboxylic side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Marta Managò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'IngegneriaSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Cinzia Michenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'IngegneriaSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'IngegneriaSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
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2
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Salvitti C, Chiarotto I, Pepi F, Troiani A. Charge-Tagged N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): Revealing the Hidden Side of NHC-Catalysed Reactions through Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2020; 86:209-223. [PMID: 33252194 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are key intermediates in a variety of chemical reactions. Owing to their transient nature, the interception and characterization of these reactive species have always been challenging. Similarly, the study of reaction mechanisms in which carbenes act as catalysts is still an active research field. This Minireview describes the contribution of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to the detection of charge-tagged NHCs resulting from the insertion of an ionic group into the molecular scaffold. The use of different mass spectrometric techniques, combined with the charge-tagging strategy, allowed clarification of the involvement of NHCs in archetypal reactions and the study of their intrinsic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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Patrick AL, Vogelhuber KM, Prince BD, Annesley CJ. Theoretical and Experimental Insights into the Dissociation of 2-Hydroxyethylhydrazinium Nitrate Clusters Formed via Electrospray. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1960-1966. [PMID: 29382196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are used for myriad applications, including as catalysts, solvents, and propellants. Specifically, 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN) has been developed as a chemical propellant for space applications. The gas-phase behavior of HEHN ions and clusters is important in understanding its potential as an electrospray thruster propellant. Here, the unimolecular dissociation pathways of two clusters are experimentally observed, and theoretical modeling of hydrogen bonding and dissociation pathways is used to help rationalize those observations. The cation/deprotonated cation cluster [HEH2 - H]+, which is observed from electrospray ionization, is calculated to be considerably more stable than the complementary cation/protonated anion adduct, [HEH + HNO3]+, which is not observed experimentally. Upon collisional activation, a larger cluster [(HEHN)2HEH]+ undergoes dissociation via loss of nitric acid at lower collision energies, as predicted theoretically. At higher collision energies, additional primary and secondary loss pathways open, including deprotonated cation loss, ion-pair loss, and double-nitric-acid loss. Taken together, these experimental and theoretical results contribute to a foundational understanding of the dissociation of protic ionic liquid clusters in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Patrick
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Kristen M Vogelhuber
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117, United States.,Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Benjamin D Prince
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Christopher J Annesley
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117, United States
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4
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Čablová A, Rouchal M, Hanulíková B, Vícha J, Dastychová L, Prucková Z, Vícha R. Gas-phase fragmentation of 1-adamantylbisimidazolium salts and their complexes with cucurbit[7]uril studied using selectively 2 H-labeled guest molecules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1510-1518. [PMID: 28590526 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bisimidazolium salts (BIMs) represent an interesting family of ditopic ligands that are used in the construction of supramolecular systems with hosts based on cyclodextrins or cucurbit[n]urils. Understanding the fragmentation mechanism of individual BIMs and how this mechanism changes after complexation with cucurbit[n]urils can bring new insight into the intrinsic host-guest relationship, thereby allowing utilization of mass spectrometry to describe binding behavior. METHODS Selectively 2 H-labeled bisimidazolium salts were prepared and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. All MSn experiments were conducted in the positive-ion mode using an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion-trap mass spectrometer. The structures of the proposed fragments were supported by theoretical optimizations performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of density functional theory (DFT) using the Spartan'14 program. RESULTS Using selectively deuterium-labeled isotopologues of two adamantylated bisimidazolium salts and DFT calculations, we describe the fragmentation pathways of bisimidazolium salts. The release of two important adamantane moieties, [C11 H17 ]+ and C11 H16 , from M2+ was determined, although the former was strongly preferred. In contrast, when M2+ was complexed with CB7, the neutral loss of the C11 H16 fragment was favored. The fragmentation pattern strongly depended on the steric hindrance of the M2+ guest against slippage of the CB7 unit over the guest molecular axle. CONCLUSIONS The structures of two adamantane-based fragments and the mechanisms of their formation were rationalized. Two distinct geometric arrangements for the adamantane cage inside the CB7 cavity were hypothesized to explain the differences in the fragmentation patterns for guests with minimal, moderate, and high steric hindrance. This finding brings new insight into the understanding of intrinsic behavior of the adamantane-based guests inside the CB7 cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Čablová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rouchal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hanulíková
- Center of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, třída, Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vícha
- Center of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, třída, Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dastychová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Prucková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Vícha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
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Rodrigues TS, Lesage D, da Silva WA, Cole RB, Ebeling G, Dupont J, de Oliveira HCB, Eberlin MN, Neto BAD. Charge-tagged N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC): Direct transfer from ionic liquid solutions and long-lived nature in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1021-1029. [PMID: 28389984 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charge-tagged N-heterocyclic carbenes have been formed in solution via deprotonation of imidazolium ions bearing acid side groups and transferred to the gas phase via ESI(-)-MS. The structure of the putative and apparently stable gaseous carbenes formed in such conditions were then probed via reactions with carbon dioxide using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer particularly optimized for ion/molecule reactions of ESI-generated ions. Complete conversion to imidazolium carboxylates was achieved, which seems to demonstrate the efficiency of the transfer, the gas-phase stability, and the long-lived nature of these unprecedented charge-tagged carbenes and their predominance in the ionic population. Comprehensive studies on the intrinsic reactivity of N-heterocyclic carbenes with silent charge tags are therefore possible. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago S Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904970, P.O.Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Denis Lesage
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Wender A da Silva
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904970, P.O.Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Günter Ebeling
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaïrton Dupont
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Heibbe C B de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904970, P.O.Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Brenno A D Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904970, P.O.Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Galaverna R, Camilo NS, Godoi MN, Coelho F, Eberlin MN. Charge Tags for Most Comprehensive ESI-MS Monitoring of Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH)/aza-MBH Reactions: Solid Mechanistic View and the Dualistic Role of the Charge Tagged Acrylate. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1089-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O.
Box 6154, Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton S. Camilo
- Laboratory
of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marla N. Godoi
- Health Sciences Federal University of Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Department of Pharmacoscience Sarmento Leite, Zip Code 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Coelho
- Laboratory
of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O.
Box 6154, Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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7
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Xu J, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhu S, Liu M, Hua X, Chen S, Lu T, Du D. Formal [3 + 3] annulation of isatin-derived 2-bromoenals with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds enabled by Lewis acid/N-heterocyclic carbene cooperative catalysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several novel isatin-derived 2-bromoenals were applied for formal [3 + 3] annulation with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds enabled by NHC/Lewis acid cooperative catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yishan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Suzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Xi Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Siyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Ding Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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8
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Peuntinger K, Pilz TD, Staehle R, Schaub M, Kaufhold S, Petermann L, Wunderlin M, Görls H, Heinemann FW, Li J, Drewello T, Vos JG, Guldi DM, Rau S. Carbene based photochemical molecular assemblies for solar driven hydrogen generation. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:13683-95. [PMID: 25100041 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel photocatalysts based on ruthenium complexes with NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene)-type bridging ligands have been prepared and structurally and photophysically characterised. The identity of the NHC-unit of the bridging ligand was established unambiguously by means of X-ray structural analysis of a heterodinuclear ruthenium-silver complex. The photophysical data indicate ultrafast intersystem crossing into an emissive and a non-emissive triplet excited state after excitation of the ruthenium centre. Exceptionally high luminescence quantum yields of up to 39% and long lifetimes of up to 2 μs are some of the triplet excited state characteristics. Preliminary studies into the visible light driven photocatalytic hydrogen formation show no induction phase and constant turnover frequencies that are independent on the concentration of the photocatalyst. In conclusion this supports the notion of a stable assembly under photocatalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Peuntinger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Kumar R, Saima, Shard A, Andhare NH, Richa, Sinha AK. Thiol-Ene “Click” Reaction Triggered by Neutral Ionic Liquid: The “Ambiphilic” Character of [hmim]Br in the Regioselective Nucleophilic Hydrothiolation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:828-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Kumar R, Saima, Shard A, Andhare NH, Richa, Sinha AK. Thiol-Ene “Click” Reaction Triggered by Neutral Ionic Liquid: The “Ambiphilic” Character of [hmim]Br in the Regioselective Nucleophilic Hydrothiolation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Limberger J, Leal BC, Monteiro AL, Dupont J. Charge-tagged ligands: useful tools for immobilising complexes and detecting reaction species during catalysis. Chem Sci 2014; 6:77-94. [PMID: 28553458 PMCID: PMC5424467 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical overview is presented on the use of charged tagged ligands (CTLs) as immobilising agents in organometallic catalysis and as probes for studying mechanisms through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) based on the most recent literature.
In recent years, charge-tagged ligands (CTLs) have become valuable tools in organometallic catalysis. Insertion of an ionic side chain into the molecular skeleton of a known ligand has become a useful protocol for anchoring ligands, and consequently catalysts, in polar and ionic liquid phases. In addition, the insertion of a cationic moiety into a ligand is a powerful tool that can be used to detect reaction intermediates in organometallic catalysis through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) experiments. The insertion of an ionic tag ensures the charge in the intermediates independently of the ESI-MS. For this reason, these ligands have been used as ionic probes in mechanistic studies for several catalytic reactions. Here, we summarise selected examples on the use of CTLs as immobilising agents in organometallic catalysis and as probes for studying mechanisms through ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones Limberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Jairton Dupont
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .,School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
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12
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Rodrigues TS, Silva VHC, Lalli PM, de Oliveira HCB, da Silva WA, Coelho F, Eberlin MN, Neto BAD. Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction: ESI-MS(/MS) Investigation with Charge Tags and Ionic Liquid Effect Origin Revealed by DFT Calculations. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5239-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thyago S. Rodrigues
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O.
Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Valter H. C. Silva
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O.
Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Unidade
Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, P.O. Box 459, 75001-970 Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Priscila M. Lalli
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Heibbe C. B. de Oliveira
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O.
Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Wender A. da Silva
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O.
Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fernando Coelho
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O.
Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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13
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Feroci M, Chiarotto I, Forte G, Vecchio Ciprioti S, Inesi A. Stability and CO2Capture Ability of ElectrogeneratedN-Heterocyclic Carbene in Parent 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazoliun Ionic Liquid (BMIm-X): The Role of X−. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Annese C, D'Accolti L, Fusco C, Tommasi I. Reactivity of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate with dimethylcarbonate at high temperature: Unexpected 2-ethyl-functionalisation of the imidazolium moiety and employment of the NHC-CO2/dimethylcarbonate system in a base promoted reaction. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Kumar P, Cisarova I. Synthesis and characterization of silver and gold NHC complexes: Crystal structures and mass spectral studies. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Zhu W, Yuan Y, Zhou P, Zeng L, Wang H, Tang L, Guo B, Chen B. The expanding role of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for probing reactive intermediates in solution. Molecules 2012; 17:11507-37. [PMID: 23018925 PMCID: PMC6268401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has rapidly occupied a prominent position for liquid-phase mechanistic studies due to its intrinsic advantages allowing for efficient "fishing" (rapid, sensitive, specific and simultaneous detection/identification) of multiple intermediates and products directly from a "real-world" solution. In this review we attempt to offer a comprehensive overview of the ESI-MS-based methodologies and strategies developed up to date to study reactive species in reaction solutions. A full description of general issues involved with probing reacting species from complex (bio)chemical reaction systems is briefly covered, including the potential sources of reactive intermediate (metabolite) generation, analytical aspects and challenges, basic rudiments of ESI-MS and the state-of-the-art technology. The main purpose of the present review is to highlight the utility of ESI-MS and its expanding role in probing reactive intermediates from various reactions in solution, with special focus on current progress in ESI-MS-based approaches for improving throughput, testing reality and real-time detection by using newly developed MS instruments and emerging ionization sources (such as ambient ESI techniques). In addition, the limitations of modern ESI-MS in detecting intermediates in organic reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Le Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
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