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Orek C, Keser S, Kaygili O, Zuchowski P, Bulut N. Structures and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoclusters: a combined experimental and theoretical approach. J Mol Model 2023; 29:227. [PMID: 37405592 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In this study, theoretical and experimental analysis of the electrical, optical, and structural properties of a wurtzite-like zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure has been done. To investigate how quantum confinement affects the optical characteristics, two distinct ZnO clusters in nanowire structures have been investigated. The [(ZnO)55(H2O)4] system's HOMO-LUMO band gap (BG) was calculated to be 2.99 eV, which is quite close to the experimental measurement. It was found that the BG decreases with the increase in the number of atoms in the cluster in connection with the quantum confinement in nanoclusters. In addition, the lowest excitation energy in TD-DFT calculations of the identical system is in fairly good agreement with the experimental value with a difference of 0.1 eV. We conclude that the CAM-B3LYP functional has highly successful in reproducing the experimental data reported in the present study and previously reported experimental data. METHODS The geometrical optimization of two different sizes of ZnO clusters ([(ZnO)25(H2O)4] and [ZnO)55(H2O)4]) was performed using the CAM-B3LYP functional with no symmetry constraints applied in the gas phase. LANL2DZ basis sets were used for the Zinc (Zn) atom and 6-31G* basis sets for the O and H atoms. To determine their optical and electronic properties, excited state calculations of the pre-optimized structures were performed using the Time-Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) method. Multiwfn, Gaussum 3.0, and GaussView 5.0 programs were used to visualize the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahit Orek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
- Kastamonu Univ, Res & Applicat Ctr, TR-37150, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Serhat Keser
- Department of Chemical Technology, EOSB Higher Vocational School, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Omer Kaygili
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Piotr Zuchowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Niyazi Bulut
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
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Asaduzzaman A, Runge K, Deymier P, Muralidharan K. Effect of Ligand Adsorption on the Electronic Properties of the PbS(100) Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13312-13319. [PMID: 33112623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A first-principles density functional theory calculation was carried out to study the adsorption of acetic acid, methyl amine, methanethiol, and hydrogen iodide on the (100) surface of PbS. All four ligands are common capping agents used in colloidal PbS quantum dot-based photovoltaics. Interestingly, among the considered adsorbates, dissociative adsorption was energetically preferred for hydrogen iodide, while associative adsorption was favorable for the rest. Associative adsorption was driven by strong interactions between the electronegative elements (Y) in the respective ligands and the Pb surface atoms via Pb 6p-Y np bond hybridization (n represents the valence quantum number of the respective electronegative elements). Importantly, the adsorption of ligands altered the work function of PbS, with contrasting trends for associative (decrease in the work function) versus dissociative (increase in the work function) adsorption. The changes in the work function correlates well with a corresponding shift in the 5d level of surface Pb atoms. Other important observations include variations in the work function that linearly change with increasing the surface coverage of adsorbed ligands as well as with the strength of the adsorption of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Asaduzzaman
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057, United States
| | - Keith Runge
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pierre Deymier
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Krishna Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Gopalakrishnan S, Vijayakumar S, Shankar R. DFT/TD-DFT study on halogen doping and solvent contributions to the structural and optoelectronic properties of poly[3,6-carbazole] and poly[indolo(3,2-b)-carbazole]. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lin W, Schmidt J, Mahler M, Schindler T, Unruh T, Meyer B, Peukert W, Segets D. Influence of Tail Groups during Functionalization of ZnO Nanoparticles on Binding Enthalpies and Photoluminescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13581-13589. [PMID: 29099602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the tailoring of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) surfaces by catechol derivatives (CAT) with different functionalities: tert-butyl group (tertCAT), hydrogen (pyroCAT), aromatic ring (naphCAT), ester group (esterCAT), and nitro group (nitroCAT). The influence of electron-donating/-withdrawing properties on enthalpy of ligand binding (ΔH) was resolved and subsequently linked with optical properties. First, as confirmed by ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy results, all CAT molecules chemisorbed to ZnO NPs, independent of the distinct functionality. Interestingly, the ζ-potentials of ZnO after functionalization shifted to more negative values. Then, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and a mass-based method were applied to resolve the heat release during ligand binding and the adsorption isotherm, respectively. However, both heat- and mass-based approaches alone did not fully resolve the binding enthalpy of each molecule adsorbing to the ZnO surface. This is mainly due to the fact that the Langmuir model oversimplifies the underlying adsorption mechanism, at least for some of the tested CAT molecules. Therefore, a new, fitting-free approach was developed to directly access the adsorption enthalpy per molecule during functionalization by dividing the heat release measured via ITC by the amount of bound molecules determined from the adsorption isotherm. Finally, the efficiency of quenching the visible emission caused by ligand binding was investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, which turned out to follow the same trend as the binding enthalpy. Thus, the functionality of ligand molecules governs the binding enthalpy to the particle surface, which in turn, at least in the current case of ZnO, is an important parameter for the quenching of visible emission. We believe that establishing such correlations is an important step toward a more general way of selecting and designing ligand molecules for surface functionalization. This allows developing strategies for tailored colloidal surfaces beyond empirically driven formulation on a case by case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Mahler
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torben Schindler
- Chair of Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Chair of Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doris Segets
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Adnan RH, Woon KL, Chanlek N, Nakajima H, Majid WHA. Ligand-Stabilized ZnO Quantum Dots: Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Study. Aust J Chem 2017; 70:1110. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Different aminoalcohol ligands, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) were employed to passivate the surface of ZnO quantum dots (ZnO QDs). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging revealed that the higher branched aminoalcohols produced smaller sized ZnO QDs. The average size for ZnO/MEA, ZnO/DEA, and ZnO/TEA were found to be 3.2, 2.9, and 2.4 nm. TEA ligands were effective in producing stable, monodisperse ZnO QDs compared with DEA and MEA ligands. Molecular dynamics and semi-empirical calculations suggested that TEA and DEA ligands interact strongly with the partial charge of ZnO dangling bonds and have a large molar volume to hinder the diffusion of precursors through the ligands to the surface of ZnO resulting in a smaller particle size as compared with MEA ligands. As the size of ZnO QDs decreases from ZnO/MEA to ZnO/TEA, the absorption edge and emission peak maximum blue-shifts to a shorter wavelength due to the quantum size effect. The bandgap of ZnO/MEA, ZnO/DEA, and ZnO/TEA was determined to be 3.97, 4.07, and 4.23 eV, and the emission peak was found to be 472, 464, and 458 nm when excited using a 325 nm excitation wavelength, respectively.
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Du LY, Wang H, Liu G, Xie D, Guo FS, Hou L, Wang YY. Structural diversity of five new bitriazole-based complexes: luminescence, sorption, and magnetic properties. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:1110-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Employing a new bitriazole ligand, five complexes were assembled that display diverse structures, selective CO2/CH4 adsorption, luminescent sensing, and antiferromagnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Ge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Fu-Sheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Lei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
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Structure, spectroscopy and electronic properties of neutral lattice-like (MgO) n clusters: a study based on a blending of DFT with stochastic algorithms inspired by natural processes. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saha S, Sarkar P. Controlling the electronic energy levels of ZnO quantum dots using mixed capping ligands. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43399d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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