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Jacobsen MT, Spaltenstein P, Giesler RJ, Chou DHC, Kay MS. Improved Handling of Peptide Segments Using Side Chain-Based "Helping Hand" Solubilizing Tools. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2530:81-107. [PMID: 35761044 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2489-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining high, or even sufficient, solubility of every peptide segment in chemical protein synthesis (CPS) remains a critical challenge; insolubility of just a single peptide segment can thwart a total synthesis venture. Multiple approaches have been used to address this challenge, most commonly by employing a chemical tool to temporarily improve peptide solubility. In this chapter, we discuss chemical tools for introducing semipermanent solubilizing sequences (termed helping hands) at the side chains of Lys and Glu residues. We describe the synthesis, incorporation by Fmoc-SPPS, and cleavage conditions for utilizing these two tools. For Lys sites, we discuss the Fmoc-Ddap-OH dimedone-based linker, which is achiral, synthesized in one step, can be introduced directly at primary amines, and is removed using hydroxylamine (or hydrazine). For Glu sites, we detail the new Fmoc-SPPS building block, Fmoc-Glu(AlHx)-OH, which can be prepared in an efficient process over two purifications. Solubilizing sequences are introduced directly on-resin and later cleaved with palladium-catalyzed transfer under aqueous conditions to restore a native Glu side chain. These two chemical tools are straightforward to prepare and implement, and we anticipate continued usage in "difficult" peptide segments following the protocols described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Jacobsen
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul Spaltenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Riley J Giesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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2
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Wodtke R, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Selectively Mono-Fluorobenz(o)ylated Polyamines as a Basis for the Development of 18F-Labeled Radiotracers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227012. [PMID: 34834103 PMCID: PMC8625420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are highly attractive vectors for tumor targeting, particularly with regards to the development of radiolabeled probes for imaging by positron emission (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the synthesis of selectively functionalized derivatives remains challenging due to the presence of multiple amino groups of similar reactivity. In this work, we established a synthetic methodology for the selective mono-fluorobenz(o)ylation of various biogenic diamines and polyamines as lead compounds for the perspective development of substrate-based radiotracers for targeting polyamine-specific membrane transporters and enzymes such as transglutaminases. For this purpose, the polyamine scaffold was constructed by solid-phase synthesis of the corresponding oxopolyamines and subsequent reduction with BH3/THF. Primary and secondary amino groups were selectively protected using Dde and Boc as protecting groups, respectively, in orientation to previously reported procedures, which enabled the selective introduction of the reporter groups. For example, N1-FBz-spermidine, N4-FBz-spermidine, N8-FBz-spermidine, and N1-FBz-spermine and N4-FBz-spermine (FBz = 4-fluorobenzoyl) were obtained in good yields by this approach. The advantages and disadvantages of this synthetic approach are discussed in detail and its suitability for radiolabeling was demonstrated for the solid-phase synthesis of N1-[18F]FBz-cadaverine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (R.L.); Tel.: +49-351-260-3923 (R.W.); +49-351-260-3658 (R.L.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (R.L.); Tel.: +49-351-260-3923 (R.W.); +49-351-260-3658 (R.L.)
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Ramkisson S, Al‐Rasheed HH, Dahlous KA, De La Torre BG, El‐Faham A, Albericio F. Scope and Limitations of Barbituric and Thiobarbituric Amino Acid Derivatives as Protecting Groups for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis: Towards a Green Protecting Group. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaveer Ramkisson
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Hessa H. Al‐Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholood A. Dahlous
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Beatriz G. De La Torre
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Ayman El‐Faham
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia Alexandria 12321 Egypt
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) 08034 Barcelona Spain
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Chithanna S, Vyasamudri S, Yang DY. Application of Dimedone Enamines as Protecting Groups for Amines and Peptides. Org Lett 2020; 22:2391-2395. [PMID: 32148048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple protocol for the protection of amines was realized through a base-catalyzed one-pot reaction of dimedone, β-nitroalkene, and amine. Employing this strategy, a variety of amines/amino acids were protected in excellent yields. These acid/base stable protected amines can be deprotected by either ethylene diamine or hydrazine hydrate under mild conditions. The practical application of this orthogonal protecting group was demonstrated by the synthesis of cyclic peptide melanotan II via SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanna Chithanna
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sameer Vyasamudri
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ding-Yah Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Fulcher JM, Petersen ME, Giesler RJ, Cruz ZS, Eckert DM, Francis JN, Kawamoto EM, Jacobsen MT, Kay MS. Chemical synthesis of Shiga toxin subunit B using a next-generation traceless "helping hand" solubilizing tag. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:10237-10244. [PMID: 31793605 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02012h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of solid-phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation in chemical protein synthesis (CPS) has enabled access to synthetic proteins that cannot be produced recombinantly, such as site-specific post-translationally modified or mirror-image proteins (D-proteins). However, CPS is commonly hampered by aggregation and insolubility of peptide segments and assembly intermediates. Installation of a solubilizing tag consisting of basic Lys or Arg amino acids can overcome these issues. Through the introduction of a traceless cleavable linker, the solubilizing tag can be selectively removed to generate native peptide. Here we describe the synthesis of a next-generation amine-reactive linker N-Fmoc-2-(7-amino-1-hydroxyheptylidene)-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (Fmoc-Ddap-OH) that can be used to selectively introduce semi-permanent solubilizing tags ("helping hands") onto Lys side chains of difficult peptides. This linker has improved stability compared to its predecessor, a property that can increase yields for multi-step syntheses with longer handling times. We also introduce a new linker cleavage protocol using hydroxylamine that greatly accelerates removal of the linker. The utility of this linker in CPS was demonstrated by the preparation of the synthetically challenging Shiga toxin subunit B (StxB) protein. This robust and easy-to-use linker is a valuable addition to the CPS toolbox for the production of challenging synthetic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fulcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Mark E Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Riley J Giesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Zachary S Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Debra M Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | | | - Michael T Jacobsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. and Navigen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Patil NA, Tailhades J, Karas JA, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. A One-Pot Chemically Cleavable Bis-Linker Tether Strategy for the Synthesis of Heterodimeric Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A. Patil
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Bio21 Institute; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - John A. Karas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Bio21 Institute; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Bio21 Institute; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
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7
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Patil NA, Tailhades J, Karas JA, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. A One-Pot Chemically Cleavable Bis-Linker Tether Strategy for the Synthesis of Heterodimeric Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14552-14556. [PMID: 27529162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterodimeric peptides linked by disulfide bonds are attractive drug targets. However, their chemical assembly can be tedious, time-consuming, and low yielding. Inspired by the cellular synthesis of pro-insulin in which the two constituent peptide chains are expressed as a single-chain precursor separated by a connecting C-peptide, we have developed a novel chemically cleavable bis-linker tether which allows the convenient assembly of two peptide chains as a single "pro"-peptide on the same solid support. Following the peptide cleavage and post-synthetic modifications, this bis-linker tether can be removed in one-step by chemical means. This method was used to synthesize a drug delivery-cargo conjugate, TAT-PKCi peptide, and a two-disulfide bridged heterodimeric peptide, thionin (7-19)-(24-32R), a thionin analogue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a one-pot chemically cleavable bis-linker strategy for the facile synthesis of cross-bridged two-chain peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A Patil
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John A Karas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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8
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Feng Y, Xie N, Wu J, Yang C, Zheng YG. Inhibitory study of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 using a fluorescent approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:567-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Reactions of 3-benzoyl-7-dimethylamino-4-hydroxycoumarin and their potential applications in solution- and solid-phase synthesis. Mol Divers 2009; 13:253-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Xie N, Elangwe EN, Asher S, Zheng YG. A Dual-Mode Fluorescence Strategy for Screening HAT Modulators. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:360-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Emilia N. Elangwe
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Sabrina Asher
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
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11
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Martin NI. Concise Preparation of Tetra-orthogonally Protected (2S,6R)-Lanthionines. J Org Chem 2008; 74:946-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel I. Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Utrecht, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Kuo PY, Yang DY. Design of a Coumarin-Based Triketone as a Fluorescent Protecting Group for Primary Amines. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6455-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801060p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, 181, Taichung-Kang Road Sec. 3, Taichung, Taiwan 407, ROC
| | - Ding-Yah Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, 181, Taichung-Kang Road Sec. 3, Taichung, Taiwan 407, ROC
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14
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Liu HG, Wu CS, Wang JF, Yang DY. Isomerization of enol esters derived from 2-acyl-1,3-cyclohexanediones: mechanism and driving force. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Abstract
A newly developed convergent solid-phase synthesis provides efficient access to thrombin inhibitors of the D-Phe-Pro-Arg type. Members of the synthesized libraries inhibited thrombin with IC(50)s in the nanomolar range.
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16
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Rubinov DB, Rubinova IL, Akhrem AA. Chemistry of 2-Acylcycloalkane-1,3-diones. Chem Rev 1999; 99:1047-1066. [PMID: 11848999 DOI: 10.1021/cr9600621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B. Rubinov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Belarussian Academy of Sciences, ul. Zhodinskaya 5/2, Minsk, CIS 220141, Belarus
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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