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Di Maria F, Zanelli A, Liscio A, Kovtun A, Salatelli E, Mazzaro R, Morandi V, Bergamini G, Shaffer A, Rozen S. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanoparticles Containing Thiophene-S,S-dioxide: Tuning of Dimensions, Optical and Redox Properties, and Charge Separation under Illumination. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1991-1999. [PMID: 28152312 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the preparation of poly(3-hexylthiophene-S,S-dioxide) nanoparticles using Rozen's reagent, HOF·CH3CN, either on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or on preformed P3HT nanoparticles (P3HT-NPs). In the latter case, core-shell nanoparticles (P3HT@PTDO-NPs) are formed, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, indicating the presence of oxygen on the outer shell. The different preparation modalities lead to a fine-tuning of the chemical-physical properties of the nanoparticles. We show that absorption and photoluminescence features, electrochemical properties, size, and stability of colloidal solutions can be finely modulated by controlling the amount of oxygen present. Atomic force microscopy measurements on the nanoparticles obtained by a nanoprecipitation method from preoxidized P3HT (PTDO-NPs) display spherical morphology and dimensions down to 5 nm. Finally, Kelvin probe measurements show that the coexistence of p- and n-type charge carriers in all types of oxygenated nanoparticles makes them capable of generating and separating charge under illumination. Furthermore, in core-shell nanoparticles, the nanosegregation of the two materials, in different regions of the nanoparticles, allows a more efficient charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Liscio
- CNR-ISOF , Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- CNR-ISC , Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Toso Montanari, University of Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaello Mazzaro
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- CNR-IMM , Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Avshalom Shaffer
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University , 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rozen
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University , 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tsai C, Chirdon DN, Kagalwala HN, Maurer AB, Kaur A, Pintauer T, Bernhard S, Noonan KJT. Electron‐Poor Thiophene 1,1‐Dioxides: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application as Electron Relays in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Chemistry 2015; 21:11517-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 (USA)
| | - Danielle N. Chirdon
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 (USA)
| | - Husain N. Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 (USA)
| | - Andrew B. Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 (USA)
| | - Aman Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15282 (USA)
| | - Tomislav Pintauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15282 (USA)
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 (USA)
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 (USA)
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Chen L, Wang K, Mahmoud SM, Li Y, Huang H, Huang W, Xu J, Dun C, Carroll D, Pietrangelo A. Effects of replacing thiophene with 5,5-dimethylcyclopentadiene in alternating poly(phenylene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), and poly(fluorene) copolymer derivatives. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01247c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Replacing alternating thiophene repeat units with 5,5-dimethylcyclopentadiene alternatives influences the physicochemical properties of π-conjugated copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University-Newark
- Newark
- USA
| | - K. Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University-Newark
- Newark
- USA
| | - S. M. Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University-Newark
- Newark
- USA
| | - Y. Li
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials
- Department of Physics
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - H. Huang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials
- Department of Physics
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - W. Huang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials
- Department of Physics
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - J. Xu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials
- Department of Physics
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - C. Dun
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials
- Department of Physics
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - D. Carroll
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials
- Department of Physics
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - A. Pietrangelo
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University-Newark
- Newark
- USA
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Potash S, Rozen S. A General and Efficient Method To Convert Selenides into Selenones by Using HOF·CH3CN. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Potash S, Rozen S. New Conjugated Oligothiophenes Containing the Unique Arrangement of Internal Adjacent [All]-S,S-Oxygenated Thiophene Fragments. Chemistry 2013; 19:5289-96. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Amir E, Amir RJ, Campos LM, Hawker CJ. Stimuli-responsive azulene-based conjugated oligomers with polyaniline-like properties. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10046-9. [PMID: 21650225 DOI: 10.1021/ja203267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel azulene building blocks, prepared via the cycloaddition of thiophene-S,S-dioxides and fulvenes, allow for incorporation of the seven-membered ring of the azulene nucleus directly into the backbone of conjugated materials. This unique mode of incorporation gives remarkably stable, stimuli-responsive materials upon exposure to acid. This simple doping/dedoping strategy provides for effective optical band gap control and on/off fluorescence switching, reminiscent of polyaniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Amir
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Shefer
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rozen
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Amir E, Sivanandan K, Cochran JE, Cowart JJ, Ku SY, Seo JH, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ. Synthesis and characterization of soluble low-bandgap oligothiophene-[all]-S,S
-dioxides-based conjugated oligomers and polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Uneyama K. Unique Utilization of Fluorine(F<sub>2</sub>) as a Reaction-Activator for Organic Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2010. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.68.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Uneyama
- Okayama University, RCIS (Research Core for the Interdisciplinary Sciences)
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Srnec M, Oncak M, Zahradník R. Reaction mechanism of oxidation, hydroxylation, and epoxidation by hypofluorous acid: a theoretical study of unusual H-bond-assisted catalysis. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3631-7. [PMID: 18355062 DOI: 10.1021/jp711676m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of organic molecules by hypofluorous acid (HOF) was studied extensively and systematically by Rozen et al. Therefore, it seems appropriate to refer to the process as Rozen oxidation. An entire set of model molecules was selected for quantum chemical investigation of the oxidation mechanism: a C=C double bond in ethylene, sulfur and selenium in dimethyl derivatives, nitrogen and phosphorus in trimethyl derivatives, as well as methyl azides. In the gas phase, van der Waals complexes between HOF and the previously mentioned species easily are formed, but these complexes are reluctant to undergo oxidation. The addition of another HOF molecule connected with the formation of a cyclic complex (i.e., substrate and two molecules of HOF) seems to be decisive for the oxidation process. The attempt to substitute the second HOF molecule with H2O demonstrated the superiority of HOF. Complexes of this kind decompose along the reaction path smoothly (i.e., with a low activation energy) to the respective oxidation product. A potential role of the hydroxyl cation (HO+) in the oxidation step is mentioned. Besides an oxidation product, one HOF molecule is released (an essential feature of catalysis), and furthermore, hydrogen fluoride is formed. It was suggested by Sertchook et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 8275) that the interaction between the substrate to be oxidized and HOF is catalytically influenced by the HF molecule. The mechanism suggested here is more feasible and, particularly at the early stages of the oxidation process, decisive. Also, the role of acetonitrile, used as a solvent by Rozen et al., is discussed in terms of a continuum model. Moreover, passing from potential energies to Gibbs energies is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Srnec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nAm., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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General, fast, and high yield oxidation of thiols and disulfides to sulfonic and sulfinic acids using HOF·CH3CN. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Carmeli M, Rozen S. Oxidation of azides by the HOF.CH3CN: a novel synthesis of nitro compounds. J Org Chem 2007; 71:4585-9. [PMID: 16749792 DOI: 10.1021/jo060440u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HOF.CH3CN complex, readily prepared by passing F2 through aqueous acetonitrile, is an exceptionally efficient oxygen transfer agent. It is unique in its capacity to oxidize various azides into the corresponding nitro derivatives. This method requires short reactions times and room temperature or below, and the desired nitro compounds were usually isolated in very good yields. The respective nitroso derivatives are believed to be the intermediates in this reaction. Functional groups such as aromatic rings, ketones, nitriles, halides, alcohols, and esters are tolerated. Sulfides react with HOF.CH3CN usually at the same rate as azides. Amines and olefins, however, react faster, so they have to be protected first. Nitro derivatives with various oxygen isotopes can be made using the labeled H18OF.CH3CN. In the case of chiral azides the stereochemistry around the nitrogen-bonded carbons is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Carmeli
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Amir E, Rozen S. Synthesis of [all]-S,S-dioxide oligothiophenes using HOF.CH3CN. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 44:7374-8. [PMID: 16254933 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Amir
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Carmeli M, Shefer N, Rozen S. From aldehydes to nitriles, a general and high yielding transformation using HOF·CH3CN complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carmeli M, Rozen S. A New Efficient Route for the Formation of Quinoxaline N-Oxides and N,N‘-Dioxides Using HOF·CH3CN. J Org Chem 2006; 71:5761-5. [PMID: 16839160 DOI: 10.1021/jo0608016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HOF.CH3CN, a very efficient oxygen-transfer agent made readily from fluorine and aqueous acetonitrile, was reacted with various quinoxaline derivatives to give the corresponding mono N-oxides and especially the N,N'-dioxides in very good yields under mild conditions and short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Carmeli
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Harel T, Amir E, Rozen S. Efficient Synthesis of Episulfones and of SO2 with Any Variation of Oxygen Isotopes Using HOF·CH3CN. Org Lett 2006; 8:1213-6. [PMID: 16524306 DOI: 10.1021/ol060087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Episulfones are quite unstable and difficult to make compounds. HOF.CH(3)CN, a powerful oxygen transfer agent operating under very mild conditions, was successfully employed in converting episulfides to episulfones. Unlike other oxidizing agents, no episulfoxides were formed under standard conditions. Reacting H(18)OF.CH(3)CN with either an episulfide or an episulfoxide leads to the corresponding episulfone with all combinations of oxygen isotopes. Decomposition of such episulfones gives any desirable variation of S(18)O(x)()O (x = 16, 18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Harel
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Amir E, Rozen S. Synthesis of [all]-S,S-Dioxide Oligothiophenes Using HOF⋅CH3CN. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rozen S. Elemental Fluorine and HOF·CH
3
CN in Service of General Organic Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rozen
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University, Tel‐Aviv 69978, Israel, Fax: +972‐3‐6409293
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rozen
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rozen
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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