1
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Draz MS, Uning K, Dupouy D, Gijs MAM. Efficient AC electrothermal flow (ACET) on-chip for enhanced immunoassays. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1637-1648. [PMID: 36644814 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical reaction rates in microfluidic systems are known to be limited by the diffusional transport of reagents, leading often to lowered sensitivity and/or longer detection times in immunoassays. Several methods, including electrically powering electrodes to generate AC electrothermal flow (ACET) on-chip, have been adopted to enhance the mass transport of the reagents and improve microfluidic mixing. Here, we report a novel ACET electrode design concept for generating in-plane microfluidic mixing vortices that act over a large volume close to the reaction surface of interest. This is different from the traditional ACET parallel electrode design that provides rather local vertical mixing vortices directly above the electrodes. Both numerical simulation and experimental studies were performed to validate the new design. Moreover, numerical simulation was carried out to show the effects of experimental factors such as the reaction kinetics (association constant) and the reagent concentration on the ACET-enhanced surface-based assays. As a proof of concept, the new design for the ACET-enhanced immunoassays was used to improve the immunostaining signal of the HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) cancer biomarker on breast cancer cells. Finally, the concept of scaling up the design has been validated by experiments (immunoassays on breast cancer cells for different ACET power and different assay times). In particular, we show that larger ACET in-plane designs can agitate and mix the fluid over large microfluidic volumes, which further enhances the immunoassay's output. We have achieved a 6-times enhancement in the assay signal with a 75% reduction in assay time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz S Draz
- Laboratory of Microsystems 2, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Lunaphore Technologies SA, CH-1131 Tolochenaz, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Uning
- Laboratory of Microsystems 2, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Diego Dupouy
- Lunaphore Technologies SA, CH-1131 Tolochenaz, Switzerland
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems 2, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Chen J, San SSS, Kung A, Tomasek M, Liu D, Rodgers W, Gau V. Direct-from-specimen microbial growth inhibition spectrums under antibiotic exposure and comparison to conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263868. [PMID: 35171945 PMCID: PMC8849476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing global travel and changes in the environment may escalate the frequency of contact with a natural host carrying an infection and, therefore, increase our chances of encountering microorganisms previously unknown to humans. During an emergency, the etiology of infection may be unknown at the time of patient treatment. The existing local or global Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs may not be fully prepared for emerging/re-emerging infectious disease outbreaks, especially if they are caused by an unknown organism, engineered bioterrorist attack, or rapidly evolving superbug. We demonstrate an antimicrobial efficacy profiling method that can be performed in hours directly from clinical urine specimens. The antimicrobial potency was determined by the level of microbial growth inhibition and compared to conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. The oligonucleotide probe pairs on the sensors were designed to target Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A pilot study of 10 remnant clinical specimens from the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified labs of New York-Presbyterian Queens was conducted, and only one sample was not detected by the probes. The remaining nine samples agreed with reference AST methods (Vitek and broth microdilution), resulting in 100% categorical agreement. In a separate feasibility study, we evaluated a dual-kinetic response approach, in which we inoculated two antibiotic stripwells containing the same antimicrobial concentrations with clinical specimens at the original concentration (1x) and at a 10-fold dilution (0.1x) to cover a broader range of microbiological responses. The combined categorical susceptibility reporting of 12 contrived urine specimens was 100% for ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and meropenem over a range of microbial loads from 105 to 108 CFU/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Chen
- GeneFluidics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Su Su Soe San
- GeneFluidics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amelia Kung
- GeneFluidics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Tomasek
- GeneFluidics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dakai Liu
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - William Rodgers
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent Gau
- GeneFluidics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Li H, Zhang P, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Combinatorial nanodroplet platform for screening antibiotic combinations. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:621-631. [PMID: 35015012 PMCID: PMC9035339 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacterial strains and concomitant dwindling of effective antibiotics pose worldwide healthcare challenges. To address these challenges, advanced engineering tools are developed to personalize antibiotic treatments by speeding up the diagnostics that is critical to prevent antibiotic misuse and overuse and make full use of existing antibiotics. Meanwhile, it is necessary to investigate novel antibiotic strategies. Recently, repurposing mono antibiotics into combinatorial antibiotic therapies has shown great potential for treatment of bacterial infections. However, widespread adoption of drug combinations has been hindered by the complexity of screening techniques and the cost of reagent consumptions in practice. In this study, we developed a combinatorial nanodroplet platform for automated and high-throughput screening of antibiotic combinations while consuming orders of magnitude lower reagents than the standard microtiter-based screening method. In particular, the proposed platform is capable of creating nanoliter droplets with multiple reagents in an automatic manner, tuning concentrations of each component, performing biochemical assays with high flexibility (e.g., temperature and duration), and achieving detection with high sensitivity. A biochemical assay, based on the reduction of resazurin by the metabolism of bacteria, has been characterized and employed to evaluate the combinatorial effects of the antibiotics of interest. In a pilot study, we successfully screened pairwise combinations between 4 antibiotics for a model Escherichia coli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Perebikovsky A, Liu Y, Hwu A, Kido H, Shamloo E, Song D, Monti G, Shoval O, Gussin D, Madou M. Rapid sample preparation for detection of antibiotic resistance on a microfluidic disc platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:534-545. [PMID: 33393956 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are critical in combating the antimicrobial resistance epidemic. While new, alternative technologies are capable of rapidly identifying antibiotic resistance, traditional AST methods, where a patient sample is incubated with different antibiotics, remain the most reliable and practical in determining antibiotic effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate a novel sample incubation technique on a microfluidic centrifugal disc (CD) as a proof of concept automated sample processing platform for AST. By using ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as a marker for cell growth, we demonstrated that incubation on the microfluidic CD was enhanced (>1.6 fold) for 11 out of 14 clinically relevant isolates of Escherichia coli compared to traditional shaker incubators. Finally, we utilize the system to identify antibiotic resistance of 11 E. coli isolates incubated with 5 different antibiotics in under 2 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Perebikovsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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5
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Koklu A, Giuliani J, Monton C, Beskok A. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Nanomolecules by an AC Electrothermal Flow Facilitated Impedance Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7762-7769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jason Giuliani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Carlos Monton
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186 United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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6
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Trotter M, Borst N, Thewes R, von Stetten F. Review: Electrochemical DNA sensing – Principles, commercial systems, and applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Zhan Z, Zhang H, Niu X, Yu X, Sun H, Sha X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li WJ. Microliter Sample Insulin Detection Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified by Nickel Hydroxide. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6169-6176. [PMID: 32226901 PMCID: PMC7098017 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of insulin, which is the only hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels in the body, plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. However, most techniques today involve complicated electrode fabrication and testing processes, which are time-consuming and costly, and require a relatively large volume of sample. To overcome these drawbacks, we present here a low-cost insulin detection method based on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified by nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2). This novel method only requires 300 μL of insulin sample, and the time it takes for electrode preparation is about 12 times shorter than traditional electrode fabrication methods such as coating and sol-gel methods. The electrochemical behaviors of the Ni(OH)2-coated SPE (NSPE) sensing area in insulin aqueous solutions are studied using cyclic voltammetry, amperometric i-t curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the NSPE sensing surface has excellent detection properties, such as a high sensitivity of 15.3 μA·μM-1 and a low detection limit of 138 nM. It takes a short time (∼10 min) to prepare the NSPE sensing surface, and only two drops (∼300 μL) of insulin samples are required in the detection process. Moreover, the selectivity of this method for insulin detection is verified by detecting mixtures of insulin and ascorbic acid or bovine hemoglobin. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of this method by detecting various concentrations of insulin in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhan
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neromodulation of Hebei
Province, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neromodulation of Hebei
Province, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xuanyu Niu
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- School
of Control Engineering, Northeastern University
at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- E-mail: (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Wang
- School
of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Department
of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- E-mail: (W.J.L.)
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8
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Li H, Lu Y, Wong PK. Diffusion-reaction kinetics of microfluidic amperometric biosensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3086-3089. [PMID: 30207365 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amperometric biosensors are widely applied for rapid biomarker detection in physiological and environmental samples. The dynamics and linearity of the current signal, however, are only partially understood. This study investigates the diffusion-reaction kinetics of amperometric biosensing using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based biosensor for bacterial 16S rRNA. A numerical model is developed to optimize the chamber dimensions and elucidate the concentration dependences of the biosensor. The results revealed that depletion of substrates associated with the chamber dimension can limit the current signal in a target concentration dependent manner. This study provides practical guidelines in the design and interpretation of microfluidic amperometric biosensors for biochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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9
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Yao J, Sugawara M, Obara H, Mizutani T, Takei M. Distinct Motion of GFP-Tagged Histone Expressing Cells Under AC Electrokinetics in Electrode-Multilayered Microfluidic Device. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1450-1458. [PMID: 28809711 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2729584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distinct motion of GFP-tagged histone expressing cells (Histone-GFP type cells) has been investigated under ac electrokinetics in an electrode-multilayered microfluidic device as compared with Wild type cells and GFP type cells in terms of different intracellular components. The Histone-GFP type cells were modified by the transfection of green fluorescent protein-fused histone from the human lung fibroblast cell line. The velocity of the Histone-GFP type cells obtained by particle tracking velocimetry technique is faster than Wild type cells by 24.9% and GFP type cells by 57.1%. This phenomenon is caused by the more amount of proteins in the intracellular of single Histone-GFP type cell than that of the Wild type and GFP type cells. The more amount of proteins in the Histone-GFP type cells corresponds to a lower electric permittivity ϵc of the cells, which generates a lower dielectrophoretic force exerting on the cells. The velocity of Histone-GFP type cells is well agreed with Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase flow simulation by 4.2% mean error, which proves that the fluid motion driven by thermal buoyancy and electrothermal force dominates the direction of cells motion, while the distinct motion of Histone-GFP type cells is caused by dielectrophoretic force. The fluid motion does not generate a distinct drag motion for Histone-GFP type cells because the Histone-GFP type cells have the same size to the Wild type and GFP type cells. These results clarified the mechanism of cells motion in terms of intracellular components, which helps to improve the cell manipulation efficiency with electrokinetics.
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10
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Davenport M, Mach KE, Shortliffe LMD, Banaei N, Wang TH, Liao JC. New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:296-310. [PMID: 28248946 PMCID: PMC5473291 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate identification and determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens is central to the management of UTIs. Urine dipsticks are fast and amenable to point-of-care testing, but do not have adequate diagnostic accuracy or provide microbiological diagnosis. Urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing takes 2-3 days and requires a clinical laboratory. The common use of empirical antibiotics has contributed to the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms, reducing treatment options and increasing costs. In addition to improved antimicrobial stewardship and the development of new antimicrobials, novel diagnostics are needed for timely microbial identification and determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities. New diagnostic platforms, including nucleic acid tests and mass spectrometry, have been approved for clinical use and have improved the speed and accuracy of pathogen identification from primary cultures. Optimization for direct urine testing would reduce the time to diagnosis, yet these technologies do not provide comprehensive information on antimicrobial susceptibility. Emerging technologies including biosensors, microfluidics, and other integrated platforms could improve UTI diagnosis via direct pathogen detection from urine samples, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and point-of-care testing. Successful development and implementation of these technologies has the potential to usher in an era of precision medicine to improve patient care and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Davenport
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive S-287, Stanford, California 94305 USA
| | - Kathleen E Mach
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive S-287, Stanford, California 94305 USA
| | - Linda M Dairiki Shortliffe
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive S-287, Stanford, California 94305 USA
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3375 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Departments of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive S-287, Stanford, California 94305 USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 USA
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11
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Liu X, Cheng C, Wu J, Eda S, Guo Y. A low cost and palm-size analyzer for rapid and sensitive protein detection by AC electrokinetics capacitive sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Kelley SO. New Technologies for Rapid Bacterial Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling. SLAS Technol 2016; 22:113-121. [PMID: 27879409 DOI: 10.1177/2211068216680207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional approaches to bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing typically rely on culture-based approaches that take 2 to 7 days to return results. The long turnaround times contribute to the spread of infectious disease, negative patient outcomes, and the misuse of antibiotics that can contribute to antibiotic resistance. To provide new solutions enabling faster bacterial analysis, a variety of approaches are under development that leverage single-cell analysis, microfluidic concentration and detection strategies, and ultrasensitive readout mechanisms. This review discusses recent advances in this area and the potential of new technologies to enable more effective management of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana O Kelley
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,4 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Boyd-Moss M, Baratchi S, Di Venere M, Khoshmanesh K. Self-contained microfluidic systems: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3177-92. [PMID: 27425637 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems enable rapid diagnosis, screening and monitoring of diseases and health conditions using small amounts of biological samples and reagents. Despite these remarkable features, conventional microfluidic systems rely on bulky expensive external equipment, which hinders their utility as powerful analysis tools outside of research laboratories. 'Self-contained' microfluidic systems, which contain all necessary components to facilitate a complete assay, have been developed to address this limitation. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of self-contained microfluidic systems. We categorise these systems based on their operating mechanisms into three major groups: passive, hand-powered and active. Several examples are provided to discuss the structure, capabilities and shortcomings of each group. In particular, we discuss the self-contained microfluidic systems enabled by active mechanisms, due to their unique capability for running multi-step and highly controllable diagnostic assays. Integration of self-contained microfluidic systems with the image acquisition and processing capabilities of smartphones, especially those equipped with accessory optical components, enables highly sensitive and quantitative assays, which are discussed. Finally, the future trends and possible solutions to expand the versatility of self-contained, stand-alone microfluidic platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Martina Di Venere
- School of Civil & Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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14
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Gao J, Jeffries L, Mach KE, Craft DW, Thomas NJ, Gau V, Liao JC, Wong PK. A Multiplex Electrochemical Biosensor for Bloodstream Infection Diagnosis. SLAS Technol 2016; 22:466-474. [PMID: 27226118 DOI: 10.1177/2211068216651232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and timely detection of bacterial pathogens will improve the clinical management of infections. Herein, we demonstrate an electrochemical biosensor that directly detects bacteria in human blood samples, resulting in the rapid diagnosis of a bloodstream infection. The multiplex biosensor detects the species-specific sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA of bacteria for pathogen identification in physiological samples without preamplification. The analytical performance characteristics of the biosensor, including the limit of detection and probe cross-reactivity, are evaluated systematically. The feasibility of the biosensor for a diagnosis of a bloodstream infection is demonstrated by identifying bacterial clinical isolates spiked in whole blood and blood culture samples that were tested positive for bacteria. The electrochemical biosensor correctly identifies all the species in the samples with 100% concordance to microbiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lindsie Jeffries
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathleen E Mach
- 3 Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Craft
- 4 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neal J Thomas
- 5 Departments of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Liao
- 3 Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,8 Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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15
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Xing X, He M, Qiu H, Yobas L. Continuous-Flow Electrokinetic-Assisted Plasmapheresis by Using Three-Dimensional Microelectrodes Featuring Sidewall Undercuts. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5197-204. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xing
- Department of Electronic and Computer
Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, and §Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minghao He
- Department of Electronic and Computer
Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, and §Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huihe Qiu
- Department of Electronic and Computer
Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, and §Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Electronic and Computer
Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, and §Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Altobelli E, Mohan R, Mach KE, Sin MLY, Anikst V, Buscarini M, Wong PK, Gau V, Banaei N, Liao JC. Integrated Biosensor Assay for Rapid Uropathogen Identification and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Eur Urol Focus 2016; 3:293-299. [PMID: 28753748 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) via urine culture for pathogen identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) takes 2-3 d. This delay results in empiric treatment and contributes to the misuse of antibiotics and the rise of resistant pathogens. A rapid diagnostic test for UTI may improve patient care and antibiotic stewardship. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an integrated biosensor assay for UTI diagnosis, including pathogen ID and AST, with determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Urine samples positive for Enterobacteriaceae (n=84) or culture-negative (n=23) were obtained from the Stanford Clinical Microbiology Laboratory between November 2013 and September 2014. Each sample was diluted and cultured for 5h with and without ciprofloxacin, followed by quantitative detection of bacterial 16S rRNA using a single electrochemical biosensor array functionalized with a panel of complementary DNA probes. Pathogen ID was determined using universal bacterial, Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and pathogen-specific probes. Phenotypic AST with ciprofloxacin MIC was determined using an EB probe to measure 16S rRNA levels as a function of bacterial growth. MEASUREMENTS Electrochemical signals for pathogen ID at 6 SD over background were considered positive. An MIC signal of 0.4 log units lower than the no-antibiotic control indicated sensitivity. Results were compared to clinical microbiology reports. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS For pathogen ID, the assay had 98.5% sensitivity, 96.6% specificity, 93.0% positive predictive value, and 99.3% negative predictive value. For ciprofloxacin MIC the categorical and essential agreement was 97.6%. Further automation, testing of additional pathogens and antibiotics, and a full prospective study will be necessary for translation to clinical use. CONCLUSIONS The integrated biosensor platform achieved microbiological results including MIC comparable to standard culture in a significantly shorter assay time. Further assay automation will allow clinical translation for rapid molecular diagnosis of UTI. PATIENT SUMMARY We have developed and validated a biosensor test for rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infections. Clinical translation of this device has the potential to significantly expedite and improve treatment of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Altobelli
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruchika Mohan
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Mach
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mandy Lai Yi Sin
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Anikst
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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17
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Mach KE, Mohan R, Patel S, Wong PK, Hsieh M, Liao JC. Development of a Biosensor-Based Rapid Urine Test for Detection of Urogenital Schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003845. [PMID: 26134995 PMCID: PMC4489877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Mach
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ruchika Mohan
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shailja Patel
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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18
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Liang W, Zhang K, Yang X, Liu L, Yu H, Zhang W. Distinctive translational and self-rotational motion of lymphoma cells in an optically induced non-rotational alternating current electric field. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014121. [PMID: 25759754 PMCID: PMC4336248 DOI: 10.1063/1.4913365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the translational motion and self-rotational behaviors of the Raji cells, a type of B-cell lymphoma cell, in an optically induced, non-rotational, electric field have been characterized by utilizing a digitally programmable and optically activated microfluidics chip with the assistance of an externally applied AC bias potential. The crossover frequency spectrum of the Raji cells was studied by observing the different linear translation responses of these cells to the positive and negative optically induced dielectrophoresis force generated by a projected light pattern. This digitally projected spot served as the virtual electrode to generate an axisymmetric and non-uniform electric field. Then, the membrane capacitance of the Raji cells could be directly measured. Furthermore, Raji cells under this condition also exhibited a self-rotation behavior. The repeatable and controlled self-rotation speeds of the Raji cells to the externally applied frequency and voltage were systematically investigated and characterized via computer-vision algorithms. The self-rotational speed of the Raji cells reached a maximum value at 60 kHz and demonstrated a quadratic relationship with respect to the applied voltage. Furthermore, optically projected patterns of four orthogonal electrodes were also employed as the virtual electrodes to manipulate the Raji cells. These results demonstrated that Raji cells located at the center of the four electrode pattern could not be self-rotated. Instead any Raji cells that deviated from this center area would also self-rotate. Most importantly, the Raji cells did not exhibit the self-rotational behavior after translating and rotating with respect to the center of any two adjacent electrodes. The spatial distributions of the electric field generated by the optically projected spot and the pattern of four electrodes were also modeled using a finite element numerical simulation. These simulations validated that the electric field distributions were non-uniform and non-rotational. Hence, the non-uniform electric field must play a key role in the self-rotation of the Raji cells. As a whole, this study elucidates an optoelectric-coupled microfluidics-based mechanism for cellular translation and self-rotation that can be used to extract the dielectric properties of the cells without using conventional metal-based microelectrodes. This technique may provide a simpler method for label-free identification of cancerous cells with many associated clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University , Shenyang, China
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University , Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Weijing Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
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19
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20
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Lu Y, Liu T, Lamanda AC, Sin MLY, Gau V, Liao JC, Wong PK. AC Electrokinetics of Physiological Fluids for Biomedical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:611-20. [PMID: 25487557 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214560904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) electrokinetics is a collection of processes for manipulating bulk fluid mass and embedded objects with AC electric fields. The ability of AC electrokinetics to implement the major microfluidic operations, such as pumping, mixing, concentration, and separation, makes it possible to develop integrated systems for clinical diagnostics in nontraditional health care settings. The high conductivity of physiological fluids presents new challenges and opportunities for AC electrokinetics-based diagnostic systems. In this review, AC electrokinetic phenomena in conductive physiological fluids are described followed by a review of the basic microfluidic operations and the recent biomedical applications of AC electrokinetics. The future prospects of AC electrokinetics for clinical diagnostics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ariana C Lamanda
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mandy L Y Sin
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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21
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Sasaki N, Maekawa C, Sato K. Alternating current cloud point extraction on a microchip: the effect of electrode geometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:424-7. [PMID: 25224325 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on the effect of electrode geometry on alternating current cloud point extraction (ACPE). ACPE is a technique utilized to extract membrane-associated biomolecules in an electrode-integrated microfluidic channel. In this study, we investigated the effect of gap size (4∼22 μm) between microband electrodes on ACPE. A decrease in gap size resulted in efficient and rapid concentration of fluorescent-labeled phospholipids, a model of membrane-associated biomolecules. We also investigated the effect of applied voltage amplitude on ACPE using devices with decreased electrode gap size. When the gap was small, ACPE was achieved with low applied voltages. ACPE of membrane proteins extracted from HeLa cells was also studied to demonstrate the applicability of the ACPE to real samples. The results provide a guideline to improve the performance of ACPE and facilitate application of the ACPE technique as part of an overall analytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Huang YH, Chang JS, Chao SD, Wu KC, Huang LS. Improving the binding efficiency of quartz crystal microbalance biosensors by applying the electrothermal effect. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:054116. [PMID: 25538808 PMCID: PMC4241767 DOI: 10.1063/1.4898633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) serving as a biosensor to detect the target biomolecules (analytes) often suffers from the time consuming process, especially in the case of diffusion-limited reaction. In this experimental work, we modify the reaction chamber of a conventional QCM by integrating into the multi-microelectrodes to produce electrothermal vortex flow which can efficiently drive the analytes moving toward the sensor surface, where the analytes were captured by the immobilized ligands. The microelectrodes are placed on the top surface of the chamber opposite to the sensor, which is located on the bottom of the chamber. Besides, the height of reaction chamber is reduced to assure that the suspended analytes in the fluid can be effectively drived to the sensor surface by induced electrothermal vortex flow, and also the sample costs are saved. A series of frequency shift measurements associated with the adding mass due to the specific binding of the analytes in the fluid flow and the immobilized ligands on the QCM sensor surface are performed with or without applying electrothermal effect (ETE). The experimental results show that electrothermal vortex flow does effectively accelerate the specific binding and make the frequency shift measurement more sensible. In addition, the images of the binding surfaces of the sensors with or without applying electrothermal effect are taken through the scanning electron microscopy. By comparing the images, it also clearly indicates that ETE does raise the specific binding of the analytes and ligands and efficiently improves the performance of the QCM sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hung Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shian Chang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng D Chao
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chong Wu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sun Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing with electrokinetics enhanced biosensors for diagnosis of acute bacterial infections. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:2314-21. [PMID: 24889716 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid pathogen detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are required in diagnosis of acute bacterial infections to determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. Molecular approaches for AST are often based on the detection of known antibiotic resistance genes. Phenotypic culture analysis requires several days from sample collection to result reporting. Toward rapid diagnosis of bacterial infection in non-traditional healthcare settings, we have developed a rapid AST approach that combines phenotypic culture of bacterial pathogens in physiological samples and electrochemical sensing of bacterial 16S rRNA. The assay determines the susceptibility of pathogens by detecting bacterial growth under various antibiotic conditions. AC electrokinetic fluid motion and Joule heating induced temperature elevation are optimized to enhance the sensor signal and minimize the matrix effect, which improve the overall sensitivity of the assay. The electrokinetics enhanced biosensor directly detects the bacterial pathogens in blood culture without prior purification. Rapid determination of the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli clinical isolates is demonstrated.
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