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Tu M, Xu W, Zhai Y. A Miniature Orthogonal Injection Ion Funnel (MO-IF) Providing Enhanced Performance for the Miniature Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1363-1369. [PMID: 38683544 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the miniature mass spectrometer (mini-MS) is largely restricted by the ion transmission in rough vacuum region. Even though various "in-line" ion transfer devices have improved mini-MS sensitivity, the severe dynamic gas is still weakening the efficiency of ion transmission in this region. Inspired by the "off-axis" ion funnel design in the lab-scale mass spectrometers, a miniature orthogonal injection ion funnel (MO-IF) was developed in this study for the mini-MS with a continuous atmospheric pressure interface. Capable of directing injected ions by 90° and then transport them forward to the downstream skimmer, the MO-IF enabled the separation of ions from the dynamic gas flow jetted out of the inlet capillary. The key factors were optimized for the MO-IF, including the effects of RF amplitude, DC electric fields, and the position of the repeller. Under optimized conditions, the MO-IF minimized the negative effects of dynamic gas and improved the ion transmission efficiency by ∼2-fold in comparison with the in-line injection ion funnel. As a result, a lower limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL were obtained with good linearity for hypaconitine. Additionally, the MO-IF further decreased the buffer gas pressure in the second vacuum chamber and improved the mass resolution by 1.1-1.5 times at different scan rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Zhai
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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2
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Wang W, Li H, Huang W, Chen C, Xu C, Ruan H, Li B, Li H. Recent development and trends in the detection of peroxide-based explosives. Talanta 2023; 264:124763. [PMID: 37290336 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxide-based explosives (PBEs) are increasingly common in criminal and terrorist activity due to their easy synthesis and high explosive power. The rise in terrorist attacks involving PBEs has heightened the importance of detecting trace amounts of explosive residue or vapors. This paper aims to provide a review on the developments of techniques and instruments for detecting PBEs over the past ten years, specifically discussing advancements in ion mobility spectrometry, ambient mass spectrometry, fluorescence techniques, colorimetric methods, and electrochemical methods. We provide examples to illustrate their evolution and focus on new strategies for improving detection performance, specifically in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, high-throughput, and wide explosives coverage. Finally, we discuss future prospects for PBE detection. It is hoped this treatment will serve as a guide to the novitiate and as aid memoire to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China; Jinkai Instrument (Dalian) Company Limited, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Yue H, He F, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:95-130. [PMID: 34128567 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has grown as a group of advanced analytical techniques that allow for the direct sampling and ionization of the analytes in different statuses from their native environment without or with minimum sample pretreatments. As a significant category of AMS, plasma-based AMS has gained a lot of attention due to its features that allow rapid, real-time, high-throughput, in vivo, and in situ analysis in various fields, including bioanalysis, pharmaceuticals, forensics, food safety, and mass spectrometry imaging. Tens of new methods have been developed since the introduction of the first plasma-based AMS technique direct analysis in real-time. This review first provides a comprehensive overview of the established plasma-based AMS techniques from their ion source configurations, mechanisms, and developments. Then, the progress of the representative applications in various scientific fields in the past 4 years (January 2017 to January 2021) has been summarized. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and propose the future directions of plasma-based AMS from our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Yue
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyao He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li L, Zhang T, Ge W, He X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li P. Detection of Trace Explosives Using a Novel Sample Introduction and Ionization Method. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144551. [PMID: 35889424 PMCID: PMC9320169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel sample introduction and ionization method for trace explosives detection is proposed and investigated herein, taking into consideration real-world application requirements. A thermal desorption sampling method and dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source, with air as the discharge gas, were developed. The counter flow method was adopted firstly into the DBDI source to remove the interference of ozone and other reactive nitrogen oxides. A separated reaction region with an ion guiding electric field was developed for ionization of the sample molecules. Coupled with a homemade miniature digital linear ion trap mass spectrometer, this compact and robust design, with further optimization, has the advantages of soft ionization, a low detection limit, is free of reagent and consumable gas, and is an easy sample introduction. A range of common nitro-based explosives including TNT, 2,4-DNT, NG, RDX, PETN, and HMX has been studied. A linear response in the range of two orders of magnitude with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 ng for TNT has been demonstrated. Application to the detection of real explosives and simulated mixed samples has also been explored. The work paves the path to developing next generation mass spectrometry (MS) based explosive trace detectors (ETDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (L.L.); (T.Z.); (W.G.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (L.L.); (T.Z.); (W.G.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wei Ge
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (L.L.); (T.Z.); (W.G.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xingli He
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (L.L.); (T.Z.); (W.G.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (L.L.); (T.Z.); (W.G.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Peng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (L.L.); (T.Z.); (W.G.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13656249881
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5
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Han W, Du S, Tang C, Li Y, Jiang T, Xu W. Integration of a liquid-phase ion trap with a miniature mass spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:339315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Li B, Kong J, Zhang L, Fu W, Zhang Z, Li C. The ionization process of chemical warfare agent simulants in low temperature plasma ionization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:341-350. [PMID: 32819167 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720951943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of low-temperature plasma ionization technology in the chemical warfare agent detection was mostly focused on the research of rapid detection methods. Limited studies are available on the ionization process of chemical warfare agents in low temperature plasma. Through the intensity of protonated molecules of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in different solvents including methanol, deuterated methanol (methanol-D4), pure water, and deuterium oxide (water-D2), it was concluded that the water molecule in the air provides the hydrogen ion (H+) needed for ionization. The product ion spectra and the collision-induced dissociation processes of protonated molecules of nerve agent simulants, including DMMP, diethyl methanephosphonate (DEMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tripropyl phosphate (TPP), and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were analyzed. Results revealed that H+ mostly combined with phosphorus oxygen double bond (P = O) in the low-temperature plasma ionization. By analyzing the peak intensity distribution of product ions of protonated molecules, the presence of proton and charge migration in the low temperature plasma ionization and collision-induced dissociation were researched. This study could provide technical guidance for the rapid and accurate detection of chemical warfare agents through low temperature plasma ionization-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
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7
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Potential analytical methods for on-site oral drug test: Recent developments and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Zhai Y, Xu Q, Tang Y, Liu S, Li D, Xu W. Boosting the Sensitivity and Selectivity of a Miniature Mass Spectrometer Using a Hybrid Ion Funnel. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7911-7919. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Tang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dayu Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Wang S, Wang W, Li H, Xing Y, Hou K, Li H. Rapid On-Site Detection of Illegal Drugs in Complex Matrix by Thermal Desorption Acetone-Assisted Photoionization Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3845-3851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuming Xing
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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10
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Bain RM, Fedick PW, Dilger JM, Cooks RG. Analysis of Residual Explosives by Swab Touch Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Patrick W. Fedick
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Jonathan M. Dilger
- Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Crane, Indiana 47522 United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
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11
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Forbes TP, Staymates M, Sisco E. Broad spectrum infrared thermal desorption of wipe-based explosive and narcotic samples for trace mass spectrometric detection. Analyst 2018; 142:3002-3010. [PMID: 28744547 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00721c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wipe collected analytes were thermally desorbed using broad spectrum near infrared heating for mass spectrometric detection. Employing a twin tube filament-based infrared emitter, rapid and efficiently powered thermal desorption and detection of nanogram levels of explosives and narcotics was demonstrated. The infrared thermal desorption (IRTD) platform developed here used multi-mode heating (direct radiation and secondary conduction from substrate and subsequent convection from air) and a temperature ramp to efficiently desorb analytes with vapor pressures across eight orders of magnitude. The wipe substrate experienced heating rates up to (85 ± 2) °C s-1 with a time constant of (3.9 ± 0.2) s for 100% power emission. The detection of trace analytes was also demonstrated from complex mixtures, including plastic-bonded explosives and exogenous narcotics, explosives, and metabolites from collected artificial latent fingerprints. Manipulation of the emission power and duration directly controlled the heating rate and maximum temperature, enabling differential thermal desorption and a level of upstream separation for enhanced specificity. Transitioning from 100% power and 5 s emission duration to 25% power and 30 s emission enabled an order of magnitude increase in the temporal separation (single seconds to tens of seconds) of the desorption of volatile and semi-volatile species within a collected fingerprint. This mode of operation reduced local gas-phase concentrations, reducing matrix effects experienced with high concentration mixtures. IRTD provides a unique platform for the desorption of trace analytes from wipe collections, an area of importance to the security sector, transportation agencies, and customs and border protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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12
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Fedick PW, Bills BJ, Manicke NE, Cooks RG. Forensic Sampling and Analysis from a Single Substrate: Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Followed by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10973-10979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Fedick
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brandon J. Bills
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Manicke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Rapid identification and desorption mechanisms of nitrogen-based explosives by ambient micro-fabricated glow discharge plasma desorption/ionization (MFGDP) mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 167:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Martínez-Jarquín S, Winkler R. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) jets for mass spectrometry (MS): Ion processes, instrumental set-ups, and application examples. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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WANG S, WANG Z, HOU KY, LI HY. Thermal Desorption Low Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Pesticides in Broomcorn. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Chen W, Hou K, Hua L, Li H. Dopant-assisted reactive low temperature plasma probe for sensitive and specific detection of explosives. Analyst 2015; 140:6025-30. [PMID: 26191543 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A dopant-assisted reactive low temperature plasma (DARLTP) probe was developed for sensitive and specific detection of explosives by a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer. The DARLTP probe was fabricated using a T-shaped quartz tube. The dopant gas was introduced into the plasma stream through a side-tube. Using CH2Cl2 doped wet air as the dopant gas, the detection sensitivities were improved about 4-fold (RDX), 4-fold (PETN), and 3-fold (tetryl) compared with those obtained using the conventional LTP. Furthermore, the formation of [M + (35)Cl](-) and [M + (37)Cl](-) for these explosives enhanced the specificity for their identification. Additionally, the quantities of fragment ions of tetryl and adduct ions such as [RDX + NO2](-) and [PETN + NO2](-) were dramatically reduced, which simplified the mass spectra and avoided the overlap of mass peaks for different explosives. The sensitivity improvement may be attributed to the increased intensity of reactant ion [HNO3 + NO3](-), which was enhanced 4-fold after the introduction of dopant gas. The limits of detection (LODs) for RDX, tetryl, and PETN were down to 3, 6, and 10 pg, respectively. Finally, an explosive mixture was successfully analyzed, demonstrating the potential of the DARLTP probe for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complicated explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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17
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Brown KE, Greenfield MT, McGrane SD, Moore DS. Advances in explosives analysis--part I: animal, chemical, ion, and mechanical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:35-47. [PMID: 26462922 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number and capability of explosives detection and analysis methods have increased substantially since the publication of the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry special issue devoted to Explosives Analysis (Moore and Goodpaster, Anal Bioanal Chem 395(2):245-246, 2009). Here we review and critically evaluate the latest (the past five years) important advances in explosives detection, with details of the improvements over previous methods, and suggest possible avenues towards further advances in, e.g., stand-off distance, detection limit, selectivity, and penetration through camouflage or packaging. The review consists of two parts. This part, Part I, reviews methods based on animals, chemicals (including colorimetry, molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry), ions (both ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry), and mechanical devices. Part II will review methods based on photons, from very energetic photons including X-rays and gamma rays down to the terahertz range, and neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Brown
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Margo T Greenfield
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Shawn D McGrane
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - David S Moore
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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18
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Chen CH, Chen TC, Zhou X, Kline-Schoder R, Sorensen P, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Design of portable mass spectrometers with handheld probes: aspects of the sampling and miniature pumping systems. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:240-7. [PMID: 25404157 PMCID: PMC4323736 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Miniature mass spectrometry analytical systems of backpack configuration fitted with sampling probes could potentially be of significant interest for in-field, real-time chemical analysis. In this study, various configurations were explored in which a long narrow tube was used to connect the turbo and backing pumps used to create and maintain vacuum. Also, for the first time we introduced two new types of pumps for miniature mass spectrometers, the Creare 130 g drag pump and Creare 350 g scroll backing pump. These pumps, along with another Creare 550 turbo pump and the commercially available Pfeiffer HiPace 10 turbo and KnF diaphragm backing pumps, were tested with the backpack configurations. The system performance, especially the scan time, was characterized when used with a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) for ion introduction. The pumping performance in the pressure region above 1 mtorr is critical for DAPI operation. The 550 g turbo pump was shown to have a relatively higher pumping speed above 1 mtorr and gave a scan time of 300 ms, almost half the value obtained with the larger, heavier HiPace 10 often used with miniature mass spectrometers. The 350 g scroll pump was also found to be an improvement over the diaphragm pumps generally used as backing pumps. With a coaxial low temperature plasma ion source, direct analysis of low volatility compounds glass slides was demonstrated, including 1 ng DNP (2,4-Dinitrophenol) and 10 ng TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) with Creare 550 g turbo pump as well as 10 ng cocaine and 20 ng DNP with Creare 130 g drag pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Chen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Tsung-Chi Chen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | | | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Corresponding Author: Professor Zheng Ouyang, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, Tel: (765) 494-2214, Fax: (765) 496-1912,
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Guo C, Tang F, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Development of dielectric-barrier-discharge ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2345-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Chen C, Hou K, Wang W, Li J, Li H. Ambient temperature nanoelectrospray ion mobility detector for high performance liquid chromatography in determining amines. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Salter TLR, Bunch J, Gilmore IS. Importance of Sample Form and Surface Temperature for Analysis by Ambient Plasma Mass Spectrometry (PADI). Anal Chem 2014; 86:9264-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502363v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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22
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Abdul-Karim N, Blackman CS, Gill PP, Wingstedt EMM, Reif BAP. Post-blast explosive residue – a review of formation and dispersion theories and experimental research. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Review of theoretical and experimental research relating to the formation and distribution of post-blast explosive residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Abdul-Karim
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- , UK
- Department of Security and Crime Science
| | - C. S. Blackman
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- , UK
| | - P. P. Gill
- Centre for Defence Chemistry
- Cranfield University
- Swindon, UK
| | | | - B. A. P. Reif
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)
- Kjeller, Norway
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23
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Chen W, Hou K, Hua L, Xiong X, Li H. Water-assisted low temperature plasma ionization source for sensitive detection of explosives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A water-assisted low temperature plasma (WALTP) ionization source based on a quartz T shaped tube was developed for a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer to sensitively detect explosives at low picogram level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023, China
| | | | - Haiyang Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023, China
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