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Medina DAV, Cardoso AT, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Open tubular liquid chromatography: Recent advances and future trends. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300373. [PMID: 37582640 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) is gaining significant attention as a primary analytical technique across various scientific domains. Unlike conventional high-performance LC, nanoLC utilizes columns with inner diameters (i.ds.) usually ranging from 10 to 150 μm and operates at mobile phase flow rates between 10 and 1000 nl/min, offering improved chromatographic performance and detectability. Currently, most exploration of nanoLC has focused on particle-packed columns. Although open tubular LC (OTLC) can provide superior performance, optimized OTLC columns require very narrow i.ds. (< 10 μm) and demand challenging instrumentation. At the moment, these challenges have limited the success of OTLC. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been made in developing and utilizing OTLC systems featuring narrow columns (< 2 μm). Additionally, significant efforts have been made to explore larger columns (10-75 μm i.d), demonstrating practical applicability in many situations. Due to their perceived advantages, interest in OTLC has resurged in the last two decades. This review provides an updated outlook on the latest developments in OTLC, focusing on instrumental challenges, achievements, and advancements in column technology. Moreover, it outlines selected applications that illustrate the potential of OTLC for performing targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyber Arley Vargas Medina
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Timoteo Cardoso
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Basolli Borsatto
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Venditti C, Huygens B, Desmet G, Adrover A. Moment analysis for predicting effective transport properties in hierarchical retentive porous media. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1703:464099. [PMID: 37271084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new homogenization approach to solve, with drastically improved speed and accuracy, the general advection-diffusion equation in hierarchical porous media with localized diffusion and adsorption/desorption processes, thus opening the way to a much deeper understanding of the band broadening process in chromatographic systems. The proposed robust and efficient moment-based approach allows us to compute the exact local and integral concentration moments and hence provides exact solutions for the effective velocity and dispersion coefficients of migrating solute particles. Innovative to the proposed method is also that it not only produces the exact effective transport parameters of the long-time asymptotic solution, but also their entire transient. The analysis of the transient behaviour can be used, for example, to properly identify the time and length scales needed to achieve the macro-transport conditions. If the hierarchical porous media can be represented as the periodic repetition of a unit lattice cell, the method only requires the solution of the time-dependent advection-diffusion equations for the zeroth order and first-order exact local moments, exclusively on the unit cell. This implies an enormous reduction of the computational efforts and a significant improvement of the accuracy of the results when compared to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) approaches which require flow domains that are long enough to achieve steady-state conditions, and hence often cover tens to hundreds of unit cells. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by comparing its predictions with DNS results, in one, two and three dimensions, in both transient and asymptotic conditions. The influence of top and bottom no-slip walls on the separation performance of chromatographic columns with micromachined porous and nonporous pillars is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Venditti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Bram Huygens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
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3
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Blumberg LM. Transport diameters of liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463688. [PMID: 36473313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transport diameter (dM) of a chromatographic column is an objective (measurable) representation of cross-sectional dimensions of the column flow-through channels, and of the effect of porosity of the column internal support structure on velocity of transporting solvent molecules along the column. A column kinetic performance is trade-off between the column separation performance, analysis time and pressure. The dM is a key factor in definition of the kinetic performance factor - an objective metric of a column kinetic performance - and of other objective performance metrics. General equations for evaluation of dM are developed. The dM of PLOT, particulate and pillar-array columns are evaluated and discussed.
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5
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Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 3. Achievements on chip-based LC–MS devices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Li X, Chang H. Chip-based ion chromatography (chip-IC) with a sensitive five-electrode conductivity detector for the simultaneous detection of multiple ions in drinking water. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:66. [PMID: 34567677 PMCID: PMC8433475 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging need for accurate, efficient, inexpensive, and multiparameter monitoring of water quality has led to interest in the miniaturization of benchtop chromatography systems. This paper reports a chip-based ion chromatography (chip-IC) system in which the microvalves, sample channel, packed column, and conductivity detector are all integrated on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) chip. A laser-based bonding technique was developed to guarantee simultaneous robust sealing between the homogeneous and heterogeneous interfaces. A five-electrode-based conductivity detector was presented to improve the sensitivity for nonsuppressed anion detection. Common anions (F-, Cl-, NO3 -, and SO4 2-) were separated in less than 8 min, and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.6 mg L-1 was achieved for SO4 2-. Tap water was also analyzed using the proposed chip-IC system, and the relative deviations of the quantified concentration were less than 10% when compared with that a commercial IC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, P. R. China
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Naghdi E, Fakhari AR, Baca M, De Malsche W. Simultaneous enantioseparation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by a one-dimensional liquid chromatography technique using a dynamically coated chiral porous silicon pillar array column. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1615:460752. [PMID: 31839355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a highly efficient chiral liquid chromatography (LC) column is explored by dynamically coating a reversed-phase porous silicon pillar array column with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Hp-β-CD) as the chiral selector. Analyte mixtures composed of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were tested to reveal the enantioseparation potential of the column. The mechanism of chiral discrimination was investigated. The adsorbed Hp-β-CDs on the column surface experience different interaction with enantiomers. The chiral stationary phase showed satisfying stability and could be easily restored by recovering the selector with sufficient flushing and repeating the loading procedure. The peak capacity of the column was evaluated, and it was found high enough to separate three enantiomer couples using a one-dimensional LC technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naghdi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran; µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Martyna Baca
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Miggiels P, Wouters B, van Westen GJ, Dubbelman AC, Hankemeier T. Novel technologies for metabolomics: More for less. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Baca M, Desmet G, Ottevaere H, De Malsche W. Achieving a Peak Capacity of 1800 Using an 8 m Long Pillar Array Column. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10932-10936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Baca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
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10
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Rana C, De Malsche W, De Wit A. Decreased peak tailing during transport of solutes in porous media with alternate adsorption properties. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Chromatographic study of the structural properties of mesoporous silica layers deposited on radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Study of peak capacities generated by a porous layered radially elongated pillar array column coupled to a nano-LC system. Analyst 2019; 144:1809-1817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a porous-layered radially elongated pillar (PLREP) array column in a commercial nano-LC system was examined by performing separation of alkylphenones and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Division of Metabolomics
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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13
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Blumberg LM, Desmet G. Kinetic performance factor – A measurable metric of separation-time-pressure tradeoff in liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1567:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Plasma-assisted alignment in the fabrication of microchannel-array-based in-tube solid-phase microextraction microchips packed with TiO 2 nanoparticles for phosphopeptide analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1018:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Nezhad AS. Towards fully integrated liquid chromatography on a chip: Evolution and evaluation. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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17
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Preparation and evaluation of mesoporous silica layers on radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:234-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Smirnova A, Shimizu H, Pihosh Y, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. On-Chip Step-Mixing in a T-Nanomixer for Liquid Chromatography in Extended-Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10059-10064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Smirnova
- Graduate School of Engineering,
Applied Chemistry Department, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Graduate School of Engineering,
Applied Chemistry Department, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yuriy Pihosh
- Graduate School of Engineering,
Applied Chemistry Department, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Graduate School of Engineering,
Applied Chemistry Department, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Graduate School of Engineering,
Applied Chemistry Department, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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19
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Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Stein V, Klimkait M, Queisser M, Belder D. Evaluation of Pressure Stable Chip-to-Tube Fittings Enabling High-Speed Chip-HPLC with Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7481-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkmar Stein
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Str.
18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Klimkait
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Queisser
- Fraunhofer IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee
25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the field of microfluidic liquid chromatography from January 2013 through April 2015. Articles are organized by the type of stationary phase support focusing on device fabrication, column preparation, and use for specific applications. Additionally, a comprehensive table comparing chromatographic figures of merit for the work described is included as Appendix A as a reference for readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Isokawa M, Takatsuki K, Song Y, Shih K, Nakanishi K, Xie Z, Yoon DH, Sekiguchi T, Funatsu T, Shoji S, Tsunoda M. Liquid Chromatography Chip with Low-Dispersion and Low-Pressure-Drop Turn Structure Utilizing a Distribution-Controlled Pillar Array. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6485-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Isokawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takatsuki
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yanting Song
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kailing Shih
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanki Nakanishi
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhimin Xie
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sekiguchi
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Funatsu
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shoji
- Major
in Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Crane NA, Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ. Manipulating the inter pillar gap in pillar array ultra-thin layer planar chromatography platforms. Analyst 2016; 141:1239-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02274f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An advantage of separation platforms based on deterministic micro- and nano-fabrications, relative to traditional systems based on packed beds of particles, is the exquisite control of all morphological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
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23
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Abstract
In proteomics, nano-LC is arguably the most common tool for separating peptides/proteins prior to MS. The main advantage of nano-LC is enhanced sensitivity, as compounds enter the MS in more concentrated bands. This is particularly relevant for determining low abundant compounds in limited samples. Nano-LC columns can produce peak capacities of 1000 or more, and very narrow columns can be used to perform proteomics of 1000 cells or less. Also, nano-LC can be coupled with online add-ons such as selective trap columns or enzymatic reactors, for faster and more automated analysis. Nano-LC is today an established tool for research laboratories; but can nano-LC-based systems soon be ready for more routine settings, such as in clinics?
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24
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Suppression of the sidewall effect in pillar array columns with radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:118-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Assessment and numerical search for minimal Taylor–Aris dispersion in micro-machined channels of nearly rectangular cross-section. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1368:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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