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Lavanya V, Pavithra D, Mohanapriya A, Santhakumar K, Senthil Kumar A. A π-π Bonding-Assisted Molecular-Wiring of Folded-Cytochrome c and Naphthoquinone and Its Electron-Relay-Based Bioelectrocatalytic H 2O 2 Reduction Reaction Visualized by Redox-Competitive Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11556-11570. [PMID: 37429831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The electron-transfer (ET) reaction of cytochrome c (Cytc) protein with biomolecules is a cutting-edge research area of interest in understanding the functionalities of natural systems. Several electrochemical biomimicking studies based on Cytc-protein-modified electrodes prepared via electrostatic interaction and covalent bonding approaches have been reported. Indeed, natural enzymes involve multiple types of bonding, such as hydrogen, ionic, covalent, and π-π, etc. In this work, we explore a Cytc-protein chemically modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/CB@NQ/Cytc) prepared via π-π bonding using graphitic carbon as an underlying surface and an aromatic organic molecule, naphthoquinone (NQ), as a cofactor for an effective ET reaction. A simple drop-casting technique-based preparation of GCE/CB@NQ showed a distinct surface-confined redox peak at a standard electrode potential (E°) = -0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl (surface excess = 21.3 nmol cm-2) in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. A control experiment of modification of NQ on an unmodified GCE failed to show any such unique feature. For the preparation of GCE/CB@NQ/Cytc, a dilute solution of Cytc-pH 7 phosphate buffer was drop-cast on the GCE/CB@NQ surface, wherein the protein folding and denaturalization-based complication and its associated ET functionalities were avoided. Molecular dynamics simulation studies show the complexation of NQ with Cytc at the protein binding sites. The protein-bound surface shows an efficient and selective bioelectrocatalytic reduction performance of H2O2, as demonstrated using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric i-t techniques. Finally, the redox-competition scanning electrochemical microscopy (RC-SECM) technique was adopted for in situ visualization of the electroactive adsorbed surface. The RC-SECM images clearly show the regions of highly bioelectrocatalytic active sites of Cytc-proteins bound to NQ molecules on a graphitic carbon surface. The binding of Cytc with NQ has significant implications for studying the biological electron transport mechanism, and the proposed method provides the requisite framework for such a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lavanya
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide and Green Technology Research Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhamodharan Pavithra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Mohanapriya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Santhakumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide and Green Technology Research Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Whittingham MJ, Hurst NJ, Crapnell RD, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Blanco E, Davies TJ, Banks CE. Electrochemical Improvements Can Be Realized via Shortening the Length of Screen-Printed Electrochemical Platforms. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16481-16488. [PMID: 34854668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are ubiquitous within the field of electrochemistry and are commonplace within the arsenal of electrochemists. Their popularity stems from their reproducibility, versatility, and extremely low-cost production, allowing their utilization as single-shot electrodes and thus removing the need for tedious electrode pretreatments. Many SPE studies have explored changing the working electrode composition and/or size to benefit the researcher's specific applications. In this paper, we explore a critical parameter of SPEs that is often overlooked; namely, we explore changing the length of the SPE connections. We provide evidence of resistance changes through altering the connection length to the working electrode through theoretical calculations, multimeter measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We demonstrate that changing the physical length of SPE connections gives rise to more accurate heterogeneous electrode kinetics, which cannot be overcome simply through IR compensation. Significant improvements are observed when utilized as the basis of electrochemical sensing platforms for sodium nitrite, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and lead (II). This work has a significant impact upon the field of SPEs and highlights the need for researchers to characterize and define their specific electrode performance. Without such fundamental characterization as the length and resistance of the SPE used, direct comparisons between two different systems for similar applications are obsolete. We therefore suggest that, when using SPEs in the future, experimentalists report the length of the working electrode connection alongside the measured resistance (multimeter or EIS) to facilitate this standardization across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Hurst
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
| | | | - Elias Blanco
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.,Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Trevor J Davies
- Electrochemical Technology Technical Centre, INOVYN, South Parade, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4JE, U.K
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
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3
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Hernández-Ibáñez N, Montiel V, Gomis-Berenguer A, Ania C, Iniesta J. Effect of confinement of horse heart cytochrome c and formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii on mesoporous carbons on their catalytic activity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1699-1710. [PMID: 33813652 PMCID: PMC8238777 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the immobilization of two biocatalysts (e.g., cytochrome c-Cyt c-and the non-metalloenzyme formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii-cbFDH) on a series of mesoporous carbons with controlled pore sizes. The catalytic activity of the nanoconfined proteins was correlated with the pore size distribution of the carbon materials used as supports. The electrochemical behaviour of nanoconfined Cyt c showed direct electron transfer electroactivity in pore sizes matching tightly the protein dimension. The pseudo-peroxidase activity towards H2O2 reduction was enhanced at pH 4.0, due to the protein conformational changes. For cbFDH, the reduction of CO2 towards formic acid was evaluated for the nanoconfined protein, in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The carbons displayed different cbFDH uptake capacity, governed by the dimensions of the main mesopore cavities and their accessibility through narrow pore necks. The catalytic activity of nanoconfined cbFDH was largely improved, compared to its performance in free solution. Regardless of the carbon support used, the production of formic acid was higher upon immobilization with lower nominal cbFDH:NADH ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Hernández-Ibáñez
- Physical Chemistry Department and Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Montiel
- Physical Chemistry Department and Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alicia Gomis-Berenguer
- CEMHTI, CNRS (UPR 3079) University of Orléans, 45071, Orléans, France.,Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Conchi Ania
- INCAR, CSIC, Apdo 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain. .,CEMHTI, CNRS (UPR 3079) University of Orléans, 45071, Orléans, France.
| | - Jesús Iniesta
- Physical Chemistry Department and Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
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4
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Secondo LE, Avrutin V, Ozgur U, Topsakal E, Lewinski NA. Real-time monitoring of cellular oxidative stress during aerosol sampling: a proof of concept study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:767-774. [PMID: 32529856 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1774774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) was developed for on-site air quality testing using lung cells. Here, we describe the incorporation of a sensor within the PIVEC for real time monitoring of cellular oxidative stress during exposure to contaminated air. An electrochemical, enzymatic biosensor based on cytochrome c (cyt c) was selected to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide and super oxides, due to the stability of signal over time. Human A549 lung cells were grown at the air-liquid interface and exposed within the PIVEC to dry 40 nm copper nanoparticle aerosols for 10 minutes. The generation of ROS compounds was measured during exposure and post-exposure for one hour using the biosensor and compared to intracellular ROS determined using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluoroscein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. A similar increase in oxidative stress upon aerosol exposure was measured using both the cyt c biosensor and DCFH-DA assay. The incorporation of a biosensor within the PIVEC is a unique, first-of-its-kind system designed to monitor the real-time effect of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E Secondo
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vitaliy Avrutin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Umit Ozgur
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Erdem Topsakal
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nastassja A Lewinski
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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5
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Kumar V, Sachdev A, Matai I. Self-assembled reduced graphene oxide–cerium oxide nanocomposite@cytochrome chydrogel as a solid electrochemical reactive oxygen species detection platform. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new dimension for the selective detection of short-lived ROS by an electroactive reduced graphene oxide–cerium oxide nanocomposite@cytochromechydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayesh Kumar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO)
- Chandigarh-160030
- India
| | - Abhay Sachdev
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO)
- Chandigarh-160030
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO)
- Chandigarh
| | - Ishita Matai
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO)
- Chandigarh-160030
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO)
- Chandigarh
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6
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Immobilization of cytochrome c and its application as electrochemical biosensors. Talanta 2018; 176:195-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Thirumalai D, Chang SC. Electrochemical Deposition of Protein-conjugated Graphene by Pulse Reverse Technique. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Thirumalai
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Institute of Bio-Physio Sensor Technology; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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8
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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9
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Thirumalai D, Kathiresan V, Lee J, Jin SH, Chang SC. Electrochemical reactive oxygen species detection by cytochrome c immobilized with vertically aligned and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide on a glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2017; 142:4544-4552. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective detection of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide based on a cytochrome c modified glassy carbon electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Thirumalai
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Vijayaraj Kathiresan
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Jin
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Education
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Institute of Bio-Physio Sensor Technology
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
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10
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Dai Y, Proshlyakov DA, Swain GM. Effects of Film Morphology and Surface Chemistry on the Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c at Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016; 197:129-138. [PMID: 27103750 PMCID: PMC4834903 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of film morphology and surface termination on the direct electron transfer of horse heart cytochrome c on boron-doped ultrananocrystalline (B-UNCD) and microcrystalline (B-MCD) diamond thin-film electrodes were investigated. Quasi-reversible, diffusion-controlled cyclic voltammetric responses were observed on oxygen-terminated (atomic O/C ~0.015), but not hydrogen-terminated (atomic O/C ~0.02) diamond thin films. The effect of the surface termination was the same for both the nanostructured B-UNCD film with sp2-bonded carbon atoms in the grain boundaries and the well faceted B-MCD film with micron-sized grains and largely devoid of sp2 carbon. Stable cyclic voltammetric i-E curves were recorded with cycling for both oxygen-terminated films indicating the absence of protein denaturation and electrode fouling. The peak currents increased linearly with the square root of the scan rate and the protein concentration; both indicative of a reaction rate limited by semi-infinite linear diffusion of the protein. Similar heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants were observed for oxygen-terminated B-UNCD (3.48 (± 1.25) × 10-3 cm/s) and B-MCD films (2.38 (± 0.72) × 10-3 cm/s). The results clearly reveal that the oxygen-terminated surface is more active for electron-transfer with this soluble redox protein than is the hydrogen-terminated surface. The film morphology does not influence the diffusion-controlled response of the redox protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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11
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Mahmoud BG, Khairy M, Rashwan FA, Foster CW, Banks CE. Self-assembly of porous copper oxide hierarchical nanostructures for selective determinations of glucose and ascorbic acid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CuO with flower and hallow sphere-like morphology were fabricated via one pot hydrothermal method. The effect of copper ions source upon the CuO nanostructures assembly, selectivity and sensitivity in the electrochemical processes is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa G. Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Sohag University
- Sohag
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Sohag University
- Sohag
- Egypt
| | | | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School Science and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and the Environment
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School Science and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and the Environment
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
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12
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Metters JP, Banks CE. Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter overviews the use of carbon nanomaterials in the field of electroanalysis and considers why carbon-based nanomaterials are widely utilized and explores the current diverse range that is available to the practising electrochemist, which spans from carbon nanotubes to carbon nanohorns through to the recent significant attention given to graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Metters
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M15 GD UK
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M15 GD UK
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13
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Ngamchuea K, Eloul S, Tschulik K, Compton RG. Advancing from Rules of Thumb: Quantifying the Effects of Small Density Changes in Mass Transport to Electrodes. Understanding Natural Convection. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7226-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Shaltiel Eloul
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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14
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Bui MPN, Seo SS. Electrochemical analysis of parathion-ethyl using zirconium oxide–laponite nanocomposites-modified glassy carbon electrode. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-015-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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