1
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Bakhatan Y, Ben Abba Amiel D, Sukhran Y, Chan CK, Lo WC, Lu PW, Liao PH, Wang CC, Hurevich M. Translating solution to solid phase glycosylation conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11256-11259. [PMID: 36111607 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03831e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of glycosylation conditions for automated glycan assembly is highly challenging, demands wasteful use of precious building blocks, and relies on nontrivial analyses. We developed a semi-quantitative method for automated optimization of glycosylation temperature that utilized minute quantities of donors and translated those conditions to solid-phase glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Bakhatan
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Dror Ben Abba Amiel
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Yonatan Sukhran
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Chieh-Kai Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chih Lo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Wei Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program and International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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2
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Singh Y, Geringer SA, Demchenko AV. Synthesis and Glycosidation of Anomeric Halides: Evolution from Early Studies to Modern Methods of the 21st Century. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11701-11758. [PMID: 35675037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry have dramatically improved access to common glycans. However, many novel methods still fail to adequately address challenges associated with chemical glycosylation and glycan synthesis. Since a challenge of glycosylation has remained, scientists have been frequently returning to the traditional glycosyl donors. This review is dedicated to glycosyl halides that have played crucial roles in shaping the field of glycosciences and continue to pave the way toward our understanding of chemical glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashapal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Scott A Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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4
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Sabbavarapu NM, Seeberger PH. Automated Glycan Assembly of Oligogalactofuranosides Reveals the Influence of Protecting Groups on Oligosaccharide Stability. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7280-7287. [PMID: 33960786 PMCID: PMC8154612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Galactofurans are
an important structural constituent of arabinogalactan
and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) ubiquitously present on the envelopes
of all Mycobacteria. Key to the automated glycan
assembly (AGA) of linear galactofuranosides as long as 20-mers was
the identification of thioglycoside building blocks with a fine balance
of stereoelectronic and steric effects to ensure the stability of
oligogalactofuranoside during the synthesis. A benzoylated galactofuranose
thioglycoside building block proved most efficient for oligosaccharide
construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Zhao SY, Li N, Luo WY, Zhang NN, Zhou RY, Li CY, Wang J. Chemical synthesis and antigenic activity of a phosphatidylinositol mannoside epitope from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14067-14070. [PMID: 33104149 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) have been investigated as lipidic antigens for a new subunit tuberculosis vaccine. A non-natural diacylated phosphatidylinositol mannoside (Ac2PIM2) was designed and synthesized by mimicking the natural PIM6 processing procedure in dentritic cells. This synthetic Ac2PIM2 was achieved from α-methyl d-glucopyranoside 1 in 17 steps in 2.5% overall yield. A key feature of the strategy was extending the use of the chiral myo-inositol building block A to the O-2 and O-6 positions of the inositol unit to allow for introducing the mannose building blocks B1 and B2, and to the O-1 position for the phosphoglycerol building block C. Building block A, being a flexible core unit, may facilitate future access to other higher-order PIM analogues. A preliminary antigenic study showed that the synthetic PIM epitope (Ac2PIM2) was significantly more active than natural Ac2PIM2, which indicated that the synthetic Ac2PIM2 can be strongly immunoactive and may be developed as a potential vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Wan-Yue Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Ye Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Chen-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. and Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France and CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
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7
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Pardo-Vargas A, Bharate P, Delbianco M, Seeberger PH. Automated glycan assembly of arabinomannan oligosaccharides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2936-2940. [PMID: 31839840 PMCID: PMC6902893 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinomannan (AM) polysaccharides are clinical biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections due to their roles in the interaction with host cells and interference with macrophage activation. Collections of defined AM oligosaccharides can help to improve the understanding of these polysaccharides and the development of novel therapeutical and diagnostic agents. Automated glycan assembly (AGA) was employed to prepare the core structure of AM from MTB, containing α-(1,6)-Man, α-(1,5)-Ara, and α-(1,2)-Man linkages. The introduction of a capping step after each glycosylation and further optimized reaction conditions allowed for the synthesis of a series of oligosaccharides, ranging from hexa- to branched dodecasaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Pardo-Vargas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Priya Bharate
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Mestrom L, Przypis M, Kowalczykiewicz D, Pollender A, Kumpf A, Marsden SR, Bento I, Jarzębski AB, Szymańska K, Chruściel A, Tischler D, Schoevaart R, Hanefeld U, Hagedoorn PL. Leloir Glycosyltransferases in Applied Biocatalysis: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215263. [PMID: 31652818 PMCID: PMC6861944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are nature’s catalyst of choice for the highly selective and efficient coupling of carbohydrates. Enzymatic sugar coupling is a competitive technology for industrial glycosylation reactions, since chemical synthetic routes require extensive use of laborious protection group manipulations and often lack regio- and stereoselectivity. The application of Leloir glycosyltransferases has received considerable attention in recent years and offers excellent control over the reactivity and selectivity of glycosylation reactions with unprotected carbohydrates, paving the way for previously inaccessible synthetic routes. The development of nucleotide recycling cascades has allowed for the efficient production and reuse of nucleotide sugar donors in robust one-pot multi-enzyme glycosylation cascades. In this way, large glycans and glycoconjugates with complex stereochemistry can be constructed. With recent advances, LeLoir glycosyltransferases are close to being applied industrially in multi-enzyme, programmable cascade glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Mestrom
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Przypis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Daria Kowalczykiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - André Pollender
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Kumpf
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stefan R Marsden
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel Bento
- EMBL Hamburg, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- ChiralVision, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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9
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Han L, Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part II: Synthetic studies on complex arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides carrying other functional motifs and related derivatives and analogs. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part I: Synthetic studies on arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Abstract
The intrinsic complexity of carbohydrate structures has hampered access to pure glycans and hence impeded progress in the glycosciences. Automated Glycan Assembly (AGA) has facilitated the procurement of synthetic glycans, to be used in diagnostics, vaccine development, enzyme characterization and structure-function relationship studies. A general approach for obtaining complex glycans from mammalian, bacterial, fungal and plant classes provides molecular tools for glycobiology research. Recent advances in AGA technology pave the way for the production of novel carbohydrate materials. This perspective describes the state-of-the art of AGA and aspects of the technology where additional improvements are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Guberman
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimalle 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
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12
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Geissner A, Reinhardt A, Rademacher C, Johannssen T, Monteiro J, Lepenies B, Thépaut M, Fieschi F, Mrázková J, Wimmerova M, Schuhmacher F, Götze S, Grünstein D, Guo X, Hahm HS, Kandasamy J, Leonori D, Martin CE, Parameswarappa SG, Pasari S, Schlegel MK, Tanaka H, Xiao G, Yang Y, Pereira CL, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Microbe-focused glycan array screening platform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1958-1967. [PMID: 30670663 PMCID: PMC6369816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800853116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between glycans and glycan binding proteins are essential for numerous processes in all kingdoms of life. Glycan microarrays are an excellent tool to examine protein-glycan interactions. Here, we present a microbe-focused glycan microarray platform based on oligosaccharides obtained by chemical synthesis. Glycans were generated by combining different carbohydrate synthesis approaches including automated glycan assembly, solution-phase synthesis, and chemoenzymatic methods. The current library of more than 300 glycans is as diverse as the mammalian glycan array from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics and, due to its microbial focus, highly complementary. This glycan platform is essential for the characterization of various classes of glycan binding proteins. Applications of this glycan array platform are highlighted by the characterization of innate immune receptors and bacterial virulence factors as well as the analysis of human humoral immunity to pathogenic glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geissner
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Reinhardt
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Johannssen
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - João Monteiro
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Jana Mrázková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Schuhmacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Götze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Grünstein
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heung Sik Hahm
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christopher E Martin
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sandip Pasari
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark K Schlegel
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - You Yang
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claney L Pereira
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Panza M, Pistorio SG, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Automated Chemical Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Novel Approach to Traditional Challenges. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8105-8150. [PMID: 29953217 PMCID: PMC6522228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in carbohydrate chemistry have certainly made common oligosaccharides much more accessible. However, many current methods still rely heavily upon specialized knowledge of carbohydrate chemistry. The application of automated technologies to chemical and life science applications such as genomics and proteomics represents a vibrant field. These automated technologies also present opportunities for their application to organic synthesis, including that of the synthesis of oligosaccharides. However, application of automated methods to the synthesis of carbohydrates is an underdeveloped area as compared to other classes of biomolecules. The overarching goal of this review article is to present the advances that have been made at the interface of carbohydrate chemistry and automated technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Panza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Salvatore G. Pistorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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14
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Wen L, Edmunds G, Gibbons C, Zhang J, Gadi MR, Zhu H, Fang J, Liu X, Kong Y, Wang PG. Toward Automated Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8151-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Kong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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15
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Wang L, Feng S, Wang S, Li H, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis and Immunological Comparison of Differently Linked Lipoarabinomannan Oligosaccharide–Monophosphoryl Lipid A Conjugates as Antituberculosis Vaccines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12085-12096. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Subo Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Li
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
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16
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Hahm HS, Schlegel MK, Hurevich M, Eller S, Schuhmacher F, Hofmann J, Pagel K, Seeberger PH. Automated glycan assembly using the Glyconeer 2.1 synthesizer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3385-E3389. [PMID: 28396442 PMCID: PMC5410834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable and rapid access to defined biopolymers by automated DNA and peptide synthesis has fundamentally altered biological research and medical practice. Similarly, the procurement of defined glycans is key to establishing structure-activity relationships and thereby progress in the glycosciences. Here, we describe the rapid assembly of oligosaccharides using the commercially available Glyconeer 2.1 automated glycan synthesizer, monosaccharide building blocks, and a linker-functionalized polystyrene solid support. Purification and quality-control protocols for the oligosaccharide products have been standardized. Synthetic glycans prepared in this way are useful reagents as the basis for glycan arrays, diagnostics, and carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Sik Hahm
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark K Schlegel
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- GlycoUniverse GmbH & Co. KGaA, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Steffen Eller
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Schuhmacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Total synthesis of mycobacterial arabinogalactan containing 92 monosaccharide units. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14851. [PMID: 28300074 PMCID: PMC5357306 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are diverse bio-macromolecules with highly complex structures that are involved in numerous biological processes. Well-defined carbohydrates obtained by chemical synthesis are essential to the understanding of their functions. However, synthesis of carbohydrates is greatly hampered by its insufficient efficiency. So far, assembly of long carbohydrate chains remains one of the most challenging tasks for synthetic chemists. Here we describe a highly efficient assembly of a 92-mer polysaccharide by the preactivation-based one-pot glycosylation protocol. Several linear and branched oligosaccharide/polysaccharide fragments ranging from 5-mer to 31-mer in length have been rapidly constructed in one-pot manner, which enables the first total synthesis of a biologically important mycobacterial arabinogalactan through a highly convergent [31+31+30] coupling reaction. Our results show that the preactivation-based one-pot glycosylation protocol may provide access to the construction of long and complicated carbohydrate chains. Due to the vast number of potential isomers, the chemical synthesis of large carbohydrates is challenging. Here the authors report the synthesis of mycobacterial arabinogalactan, a biologically important natural product composed of 92 monosaccharide units, the largest synthetic polysaccharide to date.
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18
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Senf D, Ruprecht C, de Kruijff GHM, Simonetti SO, Schuhmacher F, Seeberger PH, Pfrengle F. Active Site Mapping of Xylan-Deconstructing Enzymes with Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharides Produced by Automated Glycan Assembly. Chemistry 2017; 23:3197-3205. [PMID: 28092124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xylan-degrading enzymes are crucial for the deconstruction of hemicellulosic biomass, making the hydrolysis products available for various industrial applications such as the production of biofuel. To determine the substrate specificities of these enzymes, we prepared a collection of complex xylan oligosaccharides by automated glycan assembly. Seven differentially protected building blocks provided the basis for the modular assembly of 2-substituted, 3-substituted, and 2-/3-substituted arabino- and glucuronoxylan oligosaccharides. Elongation of the xylan backbone relied on iterative additions of C4-fluorenylmethoxylcarbonyl (Fmoc) protected xylose building blocks to a linker-functionalized resin. Arabinofuranose and glucuronic acid residues have been selectively attached to the backbone using fully orthogonal 2-(methyl)naphthyl (Nap) and 2-(azidomethyl)benzoyl (Azmb) protecting groups at the C2 and C3 hydroxyls of the xylose building blocks. The arabinoxylan oligosaccharides are excellent tools to map the active site of glycosyl hydrolases involved in xylan deconstruction. The substrate specificities of several xylanases and arabinofuranosidases were determined by analyzing the digestion products after incubation of the oligosaccharides with glycosyl hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Senf
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Goswinus H M de Kruijff
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian O Simonetti
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Current address: Rosario Chemistry Institute (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Frank Schuhmacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Bartetzko MP, Schuhmacher F, Seeberger PH, Pfrengle F. Determining Substrate Specificities of β1,4-Endogalactanases Using Plant Arabinogalactan Oligosaccharides Synthesized by Automated Glycan Assembly. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1842-1850. [PMID: 28075586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a structurally complex plant polysaccharide with many industrial applications in food products. The structural elucidation of pectin is aided by digestion assays with glycosyl hydrolases. We report the automated glycan assembly of oligosaccharides related to the arabinogalactan side chains of pectin as novel biochemical tools to determine the substrate specificities of endogalactanases. Analysis of the digestion products revealed different requirements for the lengths and arabinose substitution pattern of the oligosaccharides to be recognized and hydrolyzed by the galactanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max P Bartetzko
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Schuhmacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Hahm HS, Broecker F, Kawasaki F, Mietzsch M, Heilbronn R, Fukuda M, Seeberger PH. Automated Glycan Assembly of Oligo-N-Acetyllactosamine and Keratan Sulfate Probes to Study Virus-Glycan Interactions. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Lee BY, Oh JW, Baek JY, Jeon HB, Kim KS. Phthalic Anhydride-Mediated Direct Glycosylation of Anomeric Hydroxy Arabinofuranose: Synthesis of Repeating Oligoarabinofuranoside and Tetradecasaccharide Arabinan Motif of Mycobacterial Cell Wall. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11372-11383. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Lee
- Center
for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Oh
- Center
for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ju Yuel Baek
- Center
for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department
of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Kim
- Center
for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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22
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Abstract
The development of glycobiology relies on the sources of particular oligosaccharides in their purest forms. As the isolation of the oligosaccharide structures from natural sources is not a reliable option for providing samples with homogeneity, chemical means become pertinent. The growing demand for diverse oligosaccharide structures has prompted the advancement of chemical strategies to stitch sugar molecules with precise stereo- and regioselectivity through the formation of glycosidic bonds. This Review will focus on the key developments towards chemical O-glycosylations in the current century. Synthesis of novel glycosyl donors and acceptors and their unique activation for successful glycosylation are discussed. This Review concludes with a summary of recent developments and comments on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
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23
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Abstract
![]()
The cell surface (or cell wall) of bacteria is coated with carbohydrate
(or glycan) structures that play a number of important roles. These
include providing structural integrity, serving as a permeability
barrier to extracellular compounds (e.g., drugs) and modulating the
immune system of the host. Of interest to this Account is the cell
wall structure of mycobacteria. There are a host of different mycobacterial
species, some of which cause human disease. The most well-known is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis.
The mycobacterial cell wall is characterized by the presence of unusual
carbohydrate structures that fulfill the roles described above. However,
in many cases, a molecular-level understanding of how mycobacterial
cell wall glycans mediate these processes is lacking. Inspired
by a seminar he heard as a postdoctoral fellow, the author
began his independent research program with a focus on the chemical
synthesis of mycobacterial glycans. The goals were not only to develop
synthetic approaches to these unique structures but also to provide
molecules that could be used to probe their biological function. Initial
work addressed the preparation of fragments of two key polysaccharides,
arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which contain large numbers
of sugar residues in the furanose (five-membered) ring form. At the
time these investigations began, there were few methods reported for
the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing furanose rings. Thus,
early in the program, a major area of interest was methodology development,
particularly for the preparation of 1,2-cis-furanosides.
To solve this challenge, a range of conformationally restricted donors
have been developed, both in the author’s group and others,
which provide 1,2-cis-furanosidic linkages with high
stereoselectivity. These investigations were followed by application
of the developed
methods to the synthesis of a range of target molecules containing
arabinofuranose and galactofuranose residues. These molecules have
now found application in biochemical, immunological, and structural
biology investigations, which have shed light on their biosynthesis
and how these motifs are recognized by both the innate and adaptive
immune systems. More recently, attention has been directed toward
the synthesis
of another class of immunologically active mycobacterial cell wall
glycans, the extractable glycolipids. In this case, efforts have been
primarily on phenolic glycolipids, and the compounds synthesized have
been used to evaluate their ability to modulate cytokine release.
Over the past 20 years, the use of chemical synthesis to provide increasingly
complex glycan structures has provided significant benefit to the
burgeoning field of mycobacterial glycobiology. Through the efforts
of groups from around the globe, access to these compounds is now
possible via relatively straightforward methods. As the pool of mycobacterial
glycans continues to grow, so too will our understanding of their
role in disease, which will undoubtedly lead to new strategies to
prevent or treat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning−Lemieux
Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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24
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Abstract
The cell surface (or cell wall) of bacteria is coated with carbohydrate (or glycan) structures that play a number of important roles. These include providing structural integrity, serving as a permeability barrier to extracellular compounds (e.g., drugs) and modulating the immune system of the host. Of interest to this Account is the cell wall structure of mycobacteria. There are a host of different mycobacterial species, some of which cause human disease. The most well-known is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The mycobacterial cell wall is characterized by the presence of unusual carbohydrate structures that fulfill the roles described above. However, in many cases, a molecular-level understanding of how mycobacterial cell wall glycans mediate these processes is lacking. Inspired by a seminar he heard as a postdoctoral fellow, the author began his independent research program with a focus on the chemical synthesis of mycobacterial glycans. The goals were not only to develop synthetic approaches to these unique structures but also to provide molecules that could be used to probe their biological function. Initial work addressed the preparation of fragments of two key polysaccharides, arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which contain large numbers of sugar residues in the furanose (five-membered) ring form. At the time these investigations began, there were few methods reported for the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing furanose rings. Thus, early in the program, a major area of interest was methodology development, particularly for the preparation of 1,2-cis-furanosides. To solve this challenge, a range of conformationally restricted donors have been developed, both in the author's group and others, which provide 1,2-cis-furanosidic linkages with high stereoselectivity. These investigations were followed by application of the developed methods to the synthesis of a range of target molecules containing arabinofuranose and galactofuranose residues. These molecules have now found application in biochemical, immunological, and structural biology investigations, which have shed light on their biosynthesis and how these motifs are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems. More recently, attention has been directed toward the synthesis of another class of immunologically active mycobacterial cell wall glycans, the extractable glycolipids. In this case, efforts have been primarily on phenolic glycolipids, and the compounds synthesized have been used to evaluate their ability to modulate cytokine release. Over the past 20 years, the use of chemical synthesis to provide increasingly complex glycan structures has provided significant benefit to the burgeoning field of mycobacterial glycobiology. Through the efforts of groups from around the globe, access to these compounds is now possible via relatively straightforward methods. As the pool of mycobacterial glycans continues to grow, so too will our understanding of their role in disease, which will undoubtedly lead to new strategies to prevent or treat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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25
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Wang Z, Qin C, Hu J, Guo X, Yin J. Recent advances in synthetic carbohydrate-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccines. Virol Sin 2016; 31:110-7. [PMID: 26992403 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is urgently needed to prevent HIV infection and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). As glycosylation of viral proteins becomes better understood, carbohydrate-based antiviral vaccines against special viruses have attracted much attention. Significant efforts in carbohydrate synthesis and immunogenicity research have resulted in the development of multiple carbohydrate-based HIV vaccines. This review summarizes recent advances in synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines design strategies and the applications of these vaccines in the prevention of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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26
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Wang L, Feng S, An L, Gu G, Guo Z. Synthetic and Immunological Studies of Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan Oligosaccharides and Their Protein Conjugates. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10060-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lian An
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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27
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Matthies S, McQuade DT, Seeberger PH. Homogeneous Gold-Catalyzed Glycosylations in Continuous Flow. Org Lett 2015; 17:3670-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Matthies
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biopolymers on earth and part of every living creature. Glycans are essential as materials for nutrition and for information transfer in biological processes. To date, in few cases a detailed correlation between glycan structure and glycan function has been established. A molecular understanding of glycan function will require pure glycans for biological, immunological, and structural studies. Given the immense structural complexity of glycans found in living organisms and the lack of amplification methods or expression systems, chemical synthesis is the only means to access usable quantities of pure glycan molecules. While the solid-phase synthesis of DNA and peptides has become routine for decades, access to glycans has been technically difficult, time-consuming and confined to a few expert laboratories. In this Account, the development of a comprehensive approach to the automated synthesis of all classes of mammalian glycans, including glycosaminoglycans and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchors, as well as bacterial and plant carbohydrates is described. A conceptual advance concerning the logic of glycan assembly was required in order to enable automated execution of the synthetic process. Based on the central glycosidic bond forming reaction, a general concept for the protecting groups and leaving groups has been developed. Building blocks that can be procured on large scale, are stable for prolonged periods of time, but upon activation result in high yields and selectivities were identified. A coupling-capping and deprotection cycle was invented that can be executed by an automated synthesis instrument. Straightforward postsynthetic protocols for cleavage from the solid support as well as purification of conjugation-ready oligosaccharides have been established. Introduction of methods to install selectively a wide variety of glycosidic linkages has enabled the rapid assembly of linear and branched oligo- and polysaccharides as large as 30-mers. Fast, reliable access to defined glycans that are ready for conjugation has given rise to glycan arrays, glycan probes, and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. While an ever increasing variety of glycans are accessible by automated synthesis, further methodological advances in carbohydrate chemistry are needed to make all possible glycans found in nature. These tools begin to fundamentally impact the medical but also materials aspects of the glycosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Schmidt D, Schuhmacher F, Geissner A, Seeberger PH, Pfrengle F. Automated Synthesis of Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharides Enables Characterization of Antibodies that Recognize Plant Cell Wall Glycans. Chemistry 2015; 21:5709-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Huang G, Peng D, Mei X, Chen X, Xiao F, Tang Q. High-efficient synthesis and biological activities of allosamidins. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:863-6. [PMID: 25486024 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.987137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudo-trisaccharide allosamidin 1 is a potent inhibitor of all family-18 chitinases, and it is confirmed to have insecticidal and antifungal activities. But the synthesis of allosamidins is very difficult, and it is a challengeable subject. Allosamidins were synthesized in solid-liquid phase, total solid-phase and total liquid-phase, respectively. Solid-liquid phase method realizes the partial solid-phase synthesis of allosamidins. Total solid-phase method greatly simplifies the purification process. Total liquid-phase method shortens the synthetic steps of allosamidins. The insecticidal and antifungal activities of allosamidins were also reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangliang Huang
- a College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
| | - Daquan Peng
- a College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xinya Mei
- a College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xin Chen
- a College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
| | - Feng Xiao
- a College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qilin Tang
- a College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
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31
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Bennett CS. Principles of modern solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1686-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Snyder N, Seeberger P, Mukosera G, Held E. 9.05 Technology-Enabled Synthesis of Carbohydrates. COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS II 2014. [PMCID: PMC7173493 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097742-3.00914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis has revolutionized the emerging field of glycomics. The automation process, in which selectively functionalized monosaccharide building blocks are added sequentially to a growing oligosaccharide chain connected via an inert linker to a solid support, has been used to prepare a number of biologically relevant oligosaccharide-based constructs in record time and on scales that would have been impossible using standard solution-phase synthetic techniques. This review highlights recent developments in automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis including engineering advancements that have led to the design of a fully automated platform, new and improved linker strategies that have broadened the scope of the chemical reactions that can be used in automation, and recent developments in the synthesis of functionalized monosaccharide building blocks. The automated solid-phase synthesis of biologically relevant carbohydrate constructs including bacterial and viral antigens, cancer antigens, vaccine candidates, and N-linked core oligosaccharides is also presented.
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de Jong AR, Volbeda AG, Hagen B, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. A Second-Generation Tandem Ring-Closing Metathesis Cleavable Linker for Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Adamo R, Nilo A, Castagner B, Boutureira O, Berti F, Bernardes GJL. Synthetically defined glycoprotein vaccines: current status and future directions. Chem Sci 2013; 4:2995-3008. [PMID: 25893089 PMCID: PMC4396375 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary examples in vaccine design have shown good levels of carbohydrate-specific antibody generation when raised using extracted or fully synthetic capsular polysaccharide glycans covalently coupled to a protein carrier. Herein, we cover recent clinical developments of carbohydrate-based vaccines and describe how novel cutting-edge methodology for the total synthesis of oligosaccharides and for the precise placement of carbohydrates at pre-determined sites within a protein may be used to further improve the safety and efficacy of glycovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Adamo
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Bastien Castagner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Francesco Berti
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
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