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Osei PB, Northcote‐Smith J, Fang J, Singh K, Ortu F, Suntharalingam K. The Bulk Breast Cancer Cell and Breast Cancer Stem Cell Activity of Binuclear Copper(II)-Phenanthroline Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301188. [PMID: 37249243 PMCID: PMC10947161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear copper(II)-phenanthroline complexes have been widely investigated as anticancer agents whereas multinuclear copper(II)-phenanthroline complexes are underexplored. Here the synthesis and characterisation of two new binuclear copper(II)-phenanthroline complexes 1 and 2 is reported, comprising of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline or 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, terminal chloride ligands, and bridging chloride or hydroxide ligands. The binuclear copper(II) complex containing 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline 1 displays nanomolar toxicity towards bulk breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) grown in monolayers, >50-fold greater than cisplatin (an anticancer metallodrug) and salinomycin (a gold-standard anti-CSC agent). Spectacularly, 1 exhibits >100-fold greater potency toward three-dimensionally cultured mammospheres than cisplatin and salinomycin. Mechanistic studies show that 1 evokes breast CSC apoptosis by elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and damaging genomic DNA (possibly by an oxidative mechanism). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to probe the anti-breast CSC properties of binuclear copper(II)-phenanthroline complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaxin Fang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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2
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Passeri G, Northcote-Smith J, Suntharalingam K. Delivery of an immunogenic cell death-inducing copper complex to cancer stem cells using polymeric nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5290-5299. [PMID: 35425564 PMCID: PMC8981415 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08788f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause for cancer related deaths worldwide is tumour relapse and metastasis, both of which have been heavily linked to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are able to escape current treatment regimens, reform tumours, and promote their spread to secondary sites. Recently, our research group reported the first metal-based agent 1 (a copper(ii) compound ligated by a bidentate 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and a tridentate Schiff base ligand) to potently kill CSCs via cytotoxic and immunogenic mechanisms. Here we show that encapsulation of 1 by polymeric nanoparticles at the appropriate feed (10%, 1 NP10) enhances CSC uptake and improves potency towards bulk cancer cells and CSCs (grown in monolayer and three-dimensional cultures). The nanoparticle formulation triggers a similar cellular response to the payload, which bodes well for further translation. Specifically, the nanoparticle formulation elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, induces ER stress, and evokes damage-associated molecular patterns consistent with immunogenic cell death. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that polymeric nanoparticles can be used to effectively deliver immunogenic metal complexes into CSCs. In this study we deliver an immunogenic cell death-inducing copper(ii) complex, comprising of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and a Schiff base ligand, to breast cancer stem cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Passeri
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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3
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Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Compounds Activated by Light. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133237. [PMID: 34209493 PMCID: PMC8269035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is affected by a modest selectivity and toxic side effects of pharmacological interventions. Among novel approaches to overcome this limitation and to bring to therapy more potent and selective agents is the use of light for selective activation of anticancer compounds. In this review, we focus on the anticancer applications of two light-activated approaches still in the experimental phase: photoremovable protecting groups ("photocages") and photoswitches. We describe the structural considerations behind the development of novel compounds and the plethora of assays used to confirm whether the photochemical and pharmacological properties are meeting the stringent criteria for an efficient in vivo light-dependent activation. Despite its immense potential, light activation brings many challenges, and the complexity of the task is very demanding. Currently, we are still deeply in the phase of pharmacological tools, but the vivid research and rapid development bring the light of hope for potential clinical use.
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4
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Northcote‐Smith J, Kaur P, Suntharalingam K. A Cancer Stem Cell Potent Copper(II) Complex with a
S
,
N
,
S
‐Schiff base Ligand and Bathophenanthroline. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooja Kaur
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London London UK
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5
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Dcona MM, Mitra K, Hartman MCT. Photocontrolled activation of small molecule cancer therapeutics. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:982-1002. [PMID: 33479692 PMCID: PMC7513389 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional treatment of the disease is comprised of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery among other treatment approaches. Chemotherapy is plagued by multiple side-effects caused due to non-specific drug action. Light-based therapies offer an alternative treatment approach that can be fine tuned to achieve the desired effect to treat the disease and address challenges posed by chemotherapeutic side-effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the light mediated treatment modalities that has been successfully applied to treat superficial malignancies with high-efficiency, although its dependence on normoxic conditions limits its efficiency to treat deep-seated tumors. On the other hand, light-sensitive drug-mimetics and drug-release platforms have been deemed efficient in preclinical settings to induce cancer cell death with minimal collateral damage. Drawing from about a decade's worth of examples, we highlight the application of photosensitive molecules as an alternative therapeutic option to PDT and describe their designs that influence the biology of the cancer cells, in turn affecting their viability with high spatio-temporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Dcona
- Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , 1201 East Marshall Street , Richmond , 23298 , Virginia , USA .
- Massey Cancer Center , 401 College St. , Richmond , 23219 , Virginia , USA
| | - Koushambi Mitra
- Massey Cancer Center , 401 College St. , Richmond , 23219 , Virginia , USA
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W Main St , Richmond , 23284 , Virginia , USA
| | - Matthew C T Hartman
- Massey Cancer Center , 401 College St. , Richmond , 23219 , Virginia , USA
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W Main St , Richmond , 23284 , Virginia , USA
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6
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Zheng P, Eskandari A, Lu C, Laws K, Aldous L, Suntharalingam K. Biophysical analysis of cancer stem cell-potent copper(ii) coordination complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5892-5896. [PMID: 30632590 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04706e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper(ii) coordination complexes, 1 and 2, containing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) potently kill breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) and bulk breast cancer cells. Although detailed biological studies have been conducted to shed light on their mechanism of cytotoxicity, little is known about their molecular level mechanism of action. This biophysical study, aided by the preparation of a fluorophore-containing analogue, 3, reveals that the complexes operate by undergoing reduction to a copper(i) form and releasing the associated NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, UK.
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7
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Modulating the Chemical and Biological Properties of Cancer Stem Cell-Potent Copper(II)-Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091677. [PMID: 31035718 PMCID: PMC6540347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper(II) complexes bearing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to potently kill cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of tumour cells with high metastatic and relapse fidelity. One of the major disadvantages associated to these copper(II) complexes is their instability in the presence of strong cellular reductants (such as ascorbic acid). Here we present a biologically stable copper(II)-NSAID complex containing a bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium ligand and two indomethacin moieties, Cu(bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium)(indomethacin)2, 2. The copper(II) complex, 2 kills bulk breast cancer cells and breast CSC equally (in the sub-micromolar range) and displays very low toxicity against non-tumorigenic breast and kidney cells (IC50 value > 100 µM). Three-dimensional cell culture studies show that 2 can significantly reduce the number and size of breast CSC mammospheres formed (from single suspensions) to a similar level as salinomycin (an established anti-breast CSC agent). The copper(II) complex, 2 is taken up reasonably by breast CSCs and localises largely in the cytoplasm (>90%). Cytotoxicity studies in the presence of specific inhibitors suggest that 2 induces CSC death via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclooxygenase isoenzyme-2 (COX-2) dependent apoptosis pathway.
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8
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Lu C, Eskandari A, Cressey PB, Suntharalingam K. Cancer Stem Cell and Bulk Cancer Cell Active Copper(II) Complexes with Vanillin Schiff Base Derivatives and Naproxen. Chemistry 2017; 23:11366-11374. [PMID: 28658520 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Four copper(II) complexes, 1-4 containing regioisomeric vanillin Schiff base derivatives and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), naproxen, were synthesised and characterised. All complexes effectively cleave DNA in cell-free systems, with 4 displaying the highest nuclease activity. DNA binding studies suggest that 4 binds to DNA via the grooves prior to inducing oxidative DNA cleavage. Three of the complexes (1, 3, and 4) indiscriminately kill cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched cells (HMLER-shEcad) and bulk cancer cells (HMLER) at micromolar concentrations. The most effective complex, 4 also reduced the formation and size of mammospheres to a similar extent as salinomycin, a well-established CSC-potent agent. Mechanistic studies show that 4 is readily taken up by CSCs, elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, causes DNA damage, and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, 4 inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and causes COX-2-dependent CSC death. The advantage of 4 over bulk cancer cell- or CSC-selective agents is that it has the potential to remove whole tumor populations (bulk cancer cells and CSCs) with a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Arvin Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B Cressey
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
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9
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Chow MJ, Alfiean M, Pastorin G, Gaiddon C, Ang WH. Apoptosis-independent organoruthenium anticancer complexes that overcome multidrug resistance: self-assembly and phenotypic screening strategies. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3641-3649. [PMID: 30155208 PMCID: PMC6094174 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major impediment to chemotherapy and limits the efficacies of conventional anticancer drugs. A strategy to bypass multidrug resistance is to develop new drug candidates capable of inducing apoptosis-independent programmed cell death. However, cellular pathways implicated in alternative programmed cell death are not well-elucidated and multifactorial, making a target-based discovery approach a challenge. Here, we show that a coordination-directed three-component assembly and phenotypic screening strategy could be employed as a viable alternative for the identification of apoptosis-independent organoruthenium anticancer agents. Through an on-plate synthesis and screening of 195 organoruthenium complexes against apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant cancers, we identified two apoptosis-independent hits. Subsequent validation of the two hits showed a lack of induction of apoptotic biomarkers, a caspase-independent activity and an equal efficacy in both apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant colorectal cancers. This validated their apoptosis-independent modes-of-action, paving the way as potential candidates for the treatment of highly-refractory cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Juinn Chow
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore .
| | - Mohammad Alfiean
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore .
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
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10
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Mandal B, Singha S, Dey SK, Mazumdar S, Kumar S, Karmakar P, Das S. CuIIcomplex of emodin with improved anticancer activity as demonstrated by its performance on HeLa and Hep G2 cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure of CuIIcomplex of emodin was solved from PXRD data. [CuII(emod)2]2−binds DNA better than emodin. Thermodynamic parameters for binding were found. Complex performs better than emodin on HeLa & Hep G2 cells; not affecting WI 38 normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitapi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section)
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Soumen Singha
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | | | - Swagata Mazumdar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section)
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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11
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Lu C, Laws K, Eskandari A, Suntharalingam K. A reactive oxygen species-generating, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibiting, cancer stem cell-potent tetranuclear copper(ii) cluster. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12785-12789. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02789c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetranuclear copper(ii) complexes containing multiple diclofenac and Schiff base moieties,1–4, are shown to kill bulk cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) with low micromolar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- King's College London
- London
- UK
- College of Biological
| | - K. Laws
- Department of Chemistry
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - A. Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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12
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Anstaett P, Pierroz V, Ferrari S, Gasser G. Two-photon uncageable enzyme inhibitors bearing targeting vectors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1821-5. [PMID: 26314377 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The activity of two cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibitors, Celecoxib and Lumiracoxib, could be suppressed by coupling to photo-labile protecting groups, so-called photocages. These groups could be further functionalized with a peptide targeting vector for specific cellular delivery. The enzyme inhibition potential of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors could be regained upon two-photon excitation with tissue-transparent near-IR light at 800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Anstaett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Mandal B, Singha S, Dey SK, Mazumdar S, Mondal TK, Karmakar P, Kumar S, Das S. Synthesis, crystal structure from PXRD of a MnII(purp)2complex, interaction with DNA at different temperatures and pH and lack of stimulated ROS formation by the complex. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MnII(purpurin)2crystal structure done from PXRD is the second report on hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone with a 3d-transition metal. DNA binding of complex is better and ROS generation less than purpurin. Complex maintains biological activity of purpurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitapi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section)
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Soumen Singha
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | | | - Swagata Mazumdar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section)
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section)
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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14
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Leonidova A, Anstaett P, Pierroz V, Mari C, Spingler B, Ferrari S, Gasser G. Induction of Cytotoxicity through Photorelease of Aminoferrocene. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9740-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leonidova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Anstaett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Mari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Leonidova A, Pierroz V, Rubbiani R, Lan Y, Schmitz AG, Kaech A, Sigel RKO, Ferrari S, Gasser G. Photo-induced uncaging of a specific Re(i) organometallic complex in living cells. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Joshi T, Pierroz V, Mari C, Gemperle L, Ferrari S, Gasser G. A Bis(dipyridophenazine)(2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) Complex with Anticancer Action upon Photodeprotection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Joshi T, Pierroz V, Mari C, Gemperle L, Ferrari S, Gasser G. A bis(dipyridophenazine)(2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) complex with anticancer action upon photodeprotection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2960-3. [PMID: 24500767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Improving the selectivity of anticancer drugs towards cancer cells is one of the main goals of drug optimization; the prodrug strategy has been one of the most promising. A light-triggered prodrug strategy is presented as an efficient approach for controlling cytotoxicity of the substitutionally inert cytotoxic complex [Ru(dppz)2(CppH)](PF6)2(C1; CppH=2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid; dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine). Attachment of a photolabile 3-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-2-butyl (DMNPB) ester ("photocaging") makes the otherwise active complex C1 innocuous to both cancerous (HeLa and U2OS) and non-cancerous (MRC-5) cells. The cytotoxic action can be successfully unleashed in living cells upon light illumination (350 nm), reaching similar level of activity as the parent cytotoxic compound C1. This is the first substitutionally inert cytotoxic metal complex to be used as a light-triggered prodrug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.gassergroup.com.
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18
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Deb T, Gopal PK, Ganguly D, Das P, Paul M, Saha MB, Paul S, Das S. Enhancement of anti-leukemic potential of 2-hydroxyphenyl-azo-2′-naphthol (HPAN) on MOLT-4 cells through conjugation with Cu(ii). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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19
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Alfonso I, Quesada R. Biological activity of synthetic ionophores: ion transporters as prospective drugs? Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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