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Kaneda T, Kato K, Ohtani S, Ogoshi T. Pillar[5]arenes decorated with six-membered-ring aromatics at all the substitution positions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10651-10658. [PMID: 38994425 PMCID: PMC11234882 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic molecules have characteristic properties different from linear ones, such as high symmetry and guest-inclusion ability. To bring drastic changes to these properties, direct introduction of many substituents is a challenging but effective tool. Herein, we attain direct installation of ten six-membered-ring aromatic π-units into both rims of a pillar[5]arene. In contrast to previous pillar[n]arenes with less hindered five-membered-ring units, which showed conformational complexity and crushed crystal structures, the per-phenyl-substituted pillar[5]arene has a cylinder-shaped crystal structure with a dichloromethane inside the cavity and is obtained as a single pair of D 5-symmetric enantiomers. The average dihedral angles between the core and peripheral benzene rings sharply increase from 38° to 66°. These differences indicate the importance of local steric repulsion on both rims for determining the structures and properties of macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kaneda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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Amezcua M, Setiadi J, Mobley DL. The SAMPL9 host-guest blind challenge: an overview of binding free energy predictive accuracy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9207-9225. [PMID: 38444308 PMCID: PMC10954238 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
We report the results of the SAMPL9 host-guest blind challenge for predicting binding free energies. The challenge focused on macrocycles from pillar[n]-arene and cyclodextrin host families, including WP6, and bCD and HbCD. A variety of methods were used by participants to submit binding free energy predictions. A machine learning approach based on molecular descriptors achieved the highest accuracy (RMSE of 2.04 kcal mol-1) among the ranked methods in the WP6 dataset. Interestingly, predictions for WP6 obtained via docking tended to outperform all methods (RMSE of 1.70 kcal mol-1), most of which are MD based and computationally more expensive. In general, methods applying force fields achieved better correlation with experiments for WP6 opposed to the machine learning and docking models. In the cyclodextrin-phenothiazine challenge, the ATM approach emerged as the top performing method with RMSE less than 1.86 kcal mol-1. Correlation metrics of ranked methods in this dataset were relatively poor compared to WP6. We also highlight several lessons learned to guide future work and help improve studies on the systems discussed. For example, WP6 may be present in other microstates other than its -12 state in the presence of certain guests. Machine learning approaches can be used to fine tune or help train force fields for certain chemistry (i.e. WP6-G4). Certain phenothiazines occupy distinct primary and secondary orientations, some of which were considered individually for accurate binding free energies. The accuracy of predictions from certain methods while starting from a single binding pose/orientation demonstrates the sensitivity of calculated binding free energies to the orientation, and in some cases the likely dominant orientation for the system. Computational and experimental results suggest that guest phenothiazine core traverses both the secondary and primary faces of the cyclodextrin hosts, a bulky cationic side chain will primarily occupy the primary face, and the phenothiazine core substituent resides at the larger secondary face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Amezcua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Jeffry Setiadi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - David L Mobley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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3
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Chao Y, Thikekar TU, Fang W, Chang R, Xu J, Ouyang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Guo M, Zuilhof H, Sue ACH. "Rim-Differentiated" Pillar[6]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204589. [PMID: 35451151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A "rim-differentiated" pillar[6]arene (RD-P[6]) was obtained successfully, with the assistance of a dimeric silver trifluoroacetate template, among eight different constitutional isomers in a direct and regioselective manner. The solid-state conformation of this macrocycle could switch from the 1,3,5-alternate to a truly rim-differentiated one upon guest inclusion. This highly symmetric RD-P[6] not only hosts metal-containing molecules inside its cavity, but also can form a pillar[6]arene-C60 adduct through co-crystallization on account of donor-acceptor interactions. The development of synthetic strategies to desymmetrize pillararenes offers new opportunities for engineering complex molecular architectures and organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tushar Ulhas Thikekar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wangjian Fang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Xu
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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Chao Y, Thikekar TU, Fang W, Chang R, Xu J, Ouyang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Guo M, Zuilhof H, Sue ACH. "Rim‐Differentiated" Pillar[6]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | | | - Wangjian Fang
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology CHINA
| | - Rong Chang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jiong Xu
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jun Xu
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Yan Gao
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Minjie Guo
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology CHINA
| | - Han Zuilhof
- WUR: Wageningen University & Research Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Andrew Chi-Hau Sue
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 422 Siming S. Rd.Siming Dist. 361005 Xiamen CHINA
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5
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Wang K, Tian X, Jordan JH, Velmurugan K, Wang L, Hu XY. The emerging applications of pillararene architectures in supramolecular catalysis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Shi C, Li H, Shi X, Zhao L, Qiu H. Chiral pillar[n]arenes: Conformation inversion, material preparation and applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Wang K, Jordan JH, Velmurugan K, Tian X, Zuo M, Hu XY, Wang L. Role of Functionalized Pillararene Architectures in Supramolecular Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:9205-9214. [PMID: 32794352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The many useful features possessed by pillararenes (PAs; e.g. rigid, capacious, and hydrophobic cavities, as well as exposed functional groups) have led to a tremendous increase in their popularity since their first discovery in 2008. In this Minireview, we emphasize the use of functionalized PAs and their assembled supramolecular materials in the field of catalysis. We aim to provide a fundamental understanding and mechanism of the role PAs play in catalytic process. The topics are subdivided into catalysis promoted by the PA rim/cavity, PA-based nanomaterials, and PA-based polymeric materials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first overview on PA-based catalysis. This Minireview not only summarizes the fabrications and applications of PAs in catalysis but also anticipates future research efforts in applying supramolecular hosts in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiya Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Jacobs H Jordan
- The Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Krishnasamy Velmurugan
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Xueqi Tian
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Minzan Zuo
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Leyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Wang K, Jordan JH, Velmurugan K, Tian X, Zuo M, Hu X, Wang L. Role of Functionalized Pillararene Architectures in Supramolecular Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiya Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
| | - Jacobs H. Jordan
- The Southern Regional Research Center Agricultural Research Service, USDA New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Krishnasamy Velmurugan
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
| | - Xueqi Tian
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
| | - Minzan Zuo
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
| | - Leyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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Fa S, Kakuta T, Yamagishi TA, Ogoshi T. Conformation and Planar Chirality of Pillar[n]arenes. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tada-aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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10
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Park J, Choi Y, Lee SS, Jung JH. Critical Role of Achiral Guest Molecules in Planar Chirality Inversion of Alanine-Appended Pillar[5]arenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:1232-1236. [PMID: 30730150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Planar chirality inversion of pillar[5]arenes bearing d- or l-alanine substituents on both rims was investigated upon addition of guest molecules having pyridinium or imidazole moieties and long alkyl chains. The d- and l-alanine-substituted pillar[5]arenes exhibited pS and pR planar chirality, respectively. However, this planar chirality was inverted upon inclusion of certain achiral molecules, comprising pyridinium or imidazole moieties and long alkyl chains with terminal hydroxyl or methyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Korea
| | - Yeonweon Choi
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division 2 , National Institute of Chemical Safety , Daejeon 34111 , Korea
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Korea
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11
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Kaizerman-Kane D, Hadar M, Granot E, Patolsky F, Zafrani Y, Cohen Y. Shape induced sorting via rim-to-rim complementarity in the formation of pillar[5, 6]arene-based supramolecular organogels. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00717b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The first two-component rim-to-rim pillar[6]arene-based supramolecular organogels were prepared. Shape complementarity was found to be an important determinant in the formation of such gels which also show shape-induced sorting in their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kaizerman-Kane
- School of Chemistry
- The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv
- Israel
| | - Maya Hadar
- School of Chemistry
- The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv
- Israel
| | - Eran Granot
- School of Chemistry
- The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv
- Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of Chemistry
- The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv
- Israel
| | - Yossi Zafrani
- School of Chemistry
- The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv
- Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry
- The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv
- Israel
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12
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Yin CB, Han Y, Huo GF, Sun J, Yan CG. Synthesis, crystal structures and complexing ability of difunctionalized copillar[5]arene Schiff bases. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Ogoshi T, Yamagishi TA, Nakamoto Y. Pillar-Shaped Macrocyclic Hosts Pillar[n]arenes: New Key Players for Supramolecular Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7937-8002. [PMID: 27337002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2008, we reported a new class of pillar-shaped macrocyclic hosts, known as "pillar[n]arenes". Today, pillar[n]arenes are recognized as key players in supramolecular chemistry because of their facile synthesis, unique pillar shape, versatile functionality, interesting host-guest properties, and original supramolecular assembly characteristics, which have resulted in numerous electrochemical and biomedical material applications. In this Review, we have provided historical background to macrocyclic chemistry, followed by a detailed discussion of the fundamental properties of pillar[n]arenes, including their synthesis, structure, and host-guest properties. Furthermore, we have discussed the applications of pillar[n]arenes to materials science, as well as their applications in supramolecular chemistry, in terms of their fundamental properties. Finally, we have described the future perspectives of pillar[n]arene chemistry. We hope that this Review will provide a useful reference for researchers working in the field and inspire discoveries concerning pillar[n]arene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tada-Aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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15
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Strutt NL, Zhang H, Schneebeli ST, Stoddart JF. Amino-functionalized pillar[5]arene. Chemistry 2014; 20:10996-1004. [PMID: 25056915 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced pillar[n]arenes have provided chemists with receptors that, when incorporated into materials, confer unique properties upon them. The symmetrical rims and cylindrical shape of pillar[5]arene begs the question--can these pillar-like receptors be linked covalently end-to-end in order to create tubular structures by a growth-from-template approach? In our efforts to produce these one-dimensional extended structures, we have developed a new method of functionalizing pillar[5]arene in which one of the five hydroquinone units is converted into a diaminobenzoquinone analogue. The resulting diaminopillar[5]arene derivative, which undergoes a stereochemical inversion process that is slow on the (1)H NMR timescale, can be chemically modified yet further in a direction that is orthogonal to the plane of its methylene bridging carbons through the formation of oxazole heterocycles. This strategy has been employed to create rigid oligomers that resemble one-dimensional tubular arrays. As a proof-of-principle, a rigid pillar[5]arene dimer has been isolated and characterized in the solution state as a 1:1 complex with an extended viologen for which it acts as a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Strutt
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-491-1009
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Hou X, Ke C, Cheng C, Song N, Blackburn AK, Sarjeant AA, Botros YY, Yang YW, Stoddart JF. Efficient syntheses of pillar[6]arene-based hetero[4]rotaxanes using a cooperative capture strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6196-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00733f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While one pillar[6]arene, nestling between two cucurbit[6]urils in a hetero[4]rotaxane, is conformationally mobile in solution, it adopts the energetically most favourable conformation with local C3V symmetry in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisen Hou
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
| | - Nan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
| | | | | | - Youssry Y. Botros
- University Research Office
- Intel Corporation
- Santa Clara, USA
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN)
- King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
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Zhang JN, Li H, Zhou W, Yu SL, Qu DH, Tian H. Fluorescence modulation in tribranched switchable [4]rotaxanes. Chemistry 2013; 19:17192-200. [PMID: 24203853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two novel tribranched [4]rotaxanes with a 1,3,5-triphenylene core and three rotaxane arms have been designed, synthesized, and characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopies and HR-ESI mass spectrometry. [4]Rotaxanes 1 and 2 each possess the same three-armed skeleton. Each arm incorporates two distinguishable binding sites for a dibenzo[24]crown-8 ring, namely a dibenzylammonium site and an N-methyltriazolium site, and is terminated by a 4-morpholino-naphthalimide fluorophore as a stopper. [4]Rotaxane 1 has three di-ferrocene-functionalized dibenzo[24]crown-8 rings whereas 2 has three simple dibenzo[24]crown-8 rings interlocked with the thread component. Uniform shuttling motions of the three macrocycles in both 1 and 2 can be driven by external acid-base stimuli, which were confirmed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. However, [4]rotaxanes 1 and 2 show distinct modes of fluorescence modulation in response to external acid-base stimuli. [4]Rotaxane 1 exhibits a remarkable fluorescence decrease in response to the addition of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a base, which can displace the ferrocene-functionalized macrocycle from the dibenzylammonium station to the N-methyltriazolium station. In contrast, the fluorescence intensity of [4]rotaxane 2 showed an enhancement with the addition of DBU. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements have been performed. The different photoinduced electron-transfer processes responsible for the fluorescence changes in the two molecular systems are discussed. Topological structures of this kind have significant potential for the design and construction of large and complex assemblies with controllable functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86) 21-64252288
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