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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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2
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Kristensen R, Neumann MS, Andersen SS, Stein PC, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Quantifying the barrier for the movement of cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene) over the dication of monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2233-2248. [PMID: 35107116 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bistable [2]pseudorotaxane 1⊂CBPQT·4PF6 and a bistable [2]rotaxane 2·4PF6 have been synthesised to measure the height of an electrostatic barrier produced by double molecular oxidation (0 to +2). Both systems have monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) and oxyphenylene (OP) as stations for cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+). They have a large stopper at one end while the second stopper in 24+ is composed of a thioethyl (SEt) group and a thiodiethyleneglycol (TDEG) substituent, whereas in 1⊂CBPQT4+, the SEt group has been replaced with a less bulky thiomethyl (SMe) group. This seemingly small difference in the substituents on the MPTTF unit leads to profound changes when comparing the physical properties of the two systems allowing for the first measurement of the deslipping of the CBPQT4+ ring over an MPTTF2+ unit in the [2]pseudorotaxane. Cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the switching mechanism for 1⊂CBPQT·MPTTF4+ and 2·MPTTF4+, and it was found that CBPQT4+ moves first to the OP station producing 1⊂CBPQT·OP6+ and 2·OP6+, respectively, upon oxidation of the MPTTF unit. The kinetics of the complexation/decomplexation process occurring in 1⊂CBPQT·MPTTF4+ and in 1⊂CBPQT·OP6+ were studied, allowing the free energy of the transition state when CBPQT4+ moves across a neutral MPTTF unit (17.0 kcal mol-1) or a di-oxidised MPTTF2+ unit (24.0 kcal mol-1) to be determined. These results demonstrate that oxidation of the MPTTF unit to MPTTF2+ increases the energy barrier that the CBPQT4+ ring must overcome for decomplexation to occur by 7.0 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Mathias S Neumann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Paul C Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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Waliczek M, Wierzbicka M, Arkuszewski M, Kijewska M, Jaremko Ł, Rajagopal P, Szczepski K, Sroczyńska A, Jaremko M, Stefanowicz P. Attempting to synthesize lasso peptides using high pressure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234901. [PMID: 32579565 PMCID: PMC7314030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasso peptides are unique in that the tail of the lasso peptide threads through its macrolactam ring. The unusual structure and biological activity of lasso peptides have generated increased interest from the scientific community in recent years. Because of this, many new types of lasso peptides have been discovered. These peptides can be synthesized by microorganisms efficiently, and yet, their chemical assembly is challenging. Herein, we investigated the possibility of high pressure inducing the cyclization of linear precursors of lasso peptides. Unlike other molecules like rotaxanes which mechanically interlock at high pressure, the threaded lasso peptides did not form, even at pressures the high pressure up to 14 000 kbar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monika Kijewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priyadharshni Rajagopal
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Jensen M, Kristensen R, Andersen SS, Bendixen D, Jeppesen JO. Probing the Electrostatic Barrier of Tetrathiafulvalene Dications using a Tetra-stable Donor-Acceptor [2]Rotaxane. Chemistry 2020; 26:6165-6175. [PMID: 32049376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-stable donor-acceptor [2]rotaxane 1⋅4PF6 has been synthesized. The dumbbell component is comprised of an oxyphenylene (OP), a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), a monopyrrolo-TTF (MPTTF), and a hydroquinone (HQ) unit, which can act as recognition sites (stations) for the tetra-cationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+ ). The TTF and the MPTTF stations are located in the middle of the dumbbell component and are connected by a triethylene glycol (TEG) chain in such a way that the pyrrole moiety of the MPTTF station points toward the TTF station, while the TTF and MPTTF stations are flanked by the OP and HQ stations on their left hand side and right hand side, respectively. The [2]rotaxane was characterized in solution by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The spectroscopic data revealed that the majority (77 %) of the tetra-stable [2]rotaxane 14+ exist as the translational isomer 1⋅MPTTF4+ in which the CBPQT4+ ring encircles the MPTTF station. The electrochemical studies showed that CBPQT4+ in 1⋅MPTTF4+ undergoes ring translation as result of electrostatic repulsion from the oxidized MPTTF unit. Following tetra-oxidation of 1⋅MPTTF4+ , a high-energy state of 18+ was obtained (i.e., 1⋅TEG8+ ) in which the CBPQT4+ ring was located on the TEG linker connecting the di-oxidized TTF2+ and MPTTF2+ units. 1 H NMR spectroscopy carried out in CD3 CN at 298 K on a chemically oxidized sample of 1⋅MPTTF4+ revealed that the metastable state 1⋅TEG8+ is only short-lived with a lifetime of a few minutes and it was found that 70 % of the positively charged CBPQT4+ ring moved from 1⋅TEG8+ to the HQ station, while 30 % moved to the much weaker OP station. These results clearly demonstrate that the CBPQT4+ ring can cross both an MPTTF2+ and a TTF2+ electrostatic barrier and that the free energy of activation required to cross MPTTF2+ is ca. 0.5 kcal mol-1 smaller as compared to TTF2+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Dan Bendixen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Kilde MD, Kristensen R, Olsen G, Jeppesen JO, Nielsen MB. Redox‐Active Monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene‐Based Rotaxane Incorporating the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photo/Thermoswitch. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Gunnar Olsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
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Shi Q, Chen CF. Switchable Complexation between (O-Methyl)6-2,6-helic[6]arene and Protonated Pyridinium Salts Controlled by Acid/Base and Photoacid. Org Lett 2017; 19:3175-3178. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Zhang YC, Qin Y, Wang H, Zhang DW, Yang G, Li ZT. Bipyridinium Polymers That Dock Tetrathiafulvalene Guests in Water Driven by Donor-Acceptor and Ion Pair Interactions. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1065-70. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ying Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Guanyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
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O’Driscoll LJ, Andersen SS, Solano MV, Bendixen D, Jensen M, Duedal T, Lycoops J, van der Pol C, Sørensen RE, Larsen KR, Myntman K, Henriksen C, Hansen SW, Jeppesen JO. Advances in the synthesis of functionalised pyrrolotetrathiafulvalenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1112-22. [PMID: 26199667 PMCID: PMC4505190 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The electron-donor and unique redox properties of the tetrathiafulvalene (TTF, 1) moiety have led to diverse applications in many areas of chemistry. Monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalenes (MPTTFs, 4) and bispyrrolotetrathiafulvalenes (BPTTFs, 5) are useful structural motifs and have found widespread use in fields such as supramolecular chemistry and molecular electronics. Protocols enabling the synthesis of functionalised MPTTFs and BPTTFs are therefore of broad interest. Herein, we present the synthesis of a range of functionalised MPTTF and BPTTF species. Firstly, the large-scale preparation of the precursor species N-tosyl-(1,3)-dithiolo[4,5-c]pyrrole-2-one (6) is described, as well as the synthesis of the analogue N-tosyl-4,6-dimethyl-(1,3)-dithiolo[4,5-c]pyrrole-2-one (7). Thereafter, we show how 6 and 7 can be used to prepare BPTTFs using homocoupling reactions and functionalised MPTTFs using cross-coupling reactions with a variety of 1,3-dithiole-2-thiones (19). Subsequently, the incorporation of more complex functionality is discussed. We show how the 2-cyanoethyl protecting group can be used to afford MPTTFs functionalised with thioethers, exemplified by a series of ethylene glycol derivatives. Additionally, the merits of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as an alternative to the most common deprotecting agent, CsOH·H2O are discussed. Finally, we show how a copper-mediated Ullman-type reaction can be applied to the N-arylation of MPTTFs and BPTTFs using a variety of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J O’Driscoll
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Marta V Solano
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Dan Bendixen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Morten Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Troels Duedal
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jess Lycoops
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Cornelia van der Pol
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rebecca E Sørensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Karina R Larsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Myntman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stinne W Hansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
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