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Schnitter F, Rieß B, Jandl C, Boekhoven J. Memory, switches, and an OR-port through bistability in chemically fueled crystals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2816. [PMID: 35595758 PMCID: PMC9122941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to store information in chemical reaction networks is essential for the complex behavior we associate with life. In biology, cellular memory is regulated through transcriptional states that are bistable, i.e., a state that can either be on or off and can be flipped from one to another through a transient signal. Such memory circuits have been realized synthetically through the rewiring of genetic systems in vivo or through the rational design of reaction networks based on DNA and highly evolved enzymes in vitro. Completely bottom-up analogs based on small molecules are rare and hard to design and thus represent a challenge for systems chemistry. In this work, we show that bistability can be designed from a simple non-equilibrium reaction cycle that is coupled to crystallization. The crystals exert the necessary feedback on the reaction cycle required for the bistability resulting in an on-state with assemblies and an off-state without. Each state represents volatile memory that can be stored in continuously stirred tank reactors indefinitely even though molecules are turned over on a minute-timescale. We showcase the system’s abilities by creating a matrix display that can store images and by creating an OR-gate by coupling several switches together. In biology, information is stored and processed using highly evolved molecules in bistable states. Here, the authors demonstrate bistability in a synthetic system without the need for evolved biomolecules or autocatalytic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schnitter
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rieß
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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2
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Wells PK, Smutok O, Melman A, Katz E. Switchable Biocatalytic Reactions Controlled by Interfacial pH Changes Produced by Orthogonal Biocatalytic Processes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33830-33839. [PMID: 34264645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes immobilized on a nano-structured surface were used to switch the activity of one enzyme by a local pH change produced by another enzyme. Immobilized amyloglucosidase (AMG) and trypsin were studied as examples of the pH-dependent switchable "target enzymes." The reactions catalyzed by co-immobilized urease or esterase were increasing or decreasing the local pH, respectively, thus operating as "actuator enzymes." Both kinds of the enzymes, producing local pH changes and changing biocatalytic activity with the pH variation, were orthogonal in terms of the biocatalytic reactions; however, their operation was coupled with the local pH produced near the surface with the immobilized enzymes. The "target enzymes" (AMG and trypsin) were changed reversibly between the active and inactive states by applying input signals (urea or ester, substrates for the urease or esterase operating as the "actuator enzymes") and washing them out with a new portion of the background solution. The developed approach can potentially lead to switchable operation of several enzymes, while some of them are inhibited when the others are activated upon receiving external signals processed by the "actuator enzymes." More complex systems with branched biocatalytic cascades can be controlled by orthogonal biocatalytic reactions activating selected pathways and changing the final output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina K Wells
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Oleh Smutok
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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Abstract
The memory of our brain, stored in soft matter, is dynamic, and it forgets spontaneously to filter unimportant information. By contrast, the existing manmade memory, made from hard materials, is static, and it does not forget without external stimuli. Here we propose a principle for developing dynamic memory from soft hydrogels with temperature-sensitive dynamic bonds. The memorizing-forgetting behavior is achieved based on fast water uptake and slow water release upon thermal stimulus, as well as thermal-history-dependent transparency change of these gels. The forgetting time is proportional to the thermal learning time, in analogy to the behavior of brain. The memory is stable against temperature fluctuation and large stretching; moreover, the forgetting process is programmable. This principle may inspire future research on dynamic memory based on the nonequilibrium process of soft matter.
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Zhang H, Zeng H, Priimagi A, Ikkala O. Viewpoint: Pavlovian Materials-Functional Biomimetics Inspired by Classical Conditioning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906619. [PMID: 32003096 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, it is discussed whether the complex biological concepts of (associative) learning can inspire responsive artificial materials. It is argued that classical conditioning, being one of the most elementary forms of learning, inspires algorithmic realizations in synthetic materials, to allow stimuli-responsive materials that learn to respond to a new stimulus, to which they are originally insensitive. Two synthetic model systems coined as "Pavlovian materials" are described, whose stimuli-responsiveness algorithmically mimics programmable associative learning, inspired by classical conditioning. The concepts minimally need a stimulus-triggerable memory, in addition to two stimuli, i.e., the unconditioned and the originally neutral stimuli. Importantly, the concept differs conceptually from the classic stimuli-responsive and shape-memory materials, as, upon association, Pavlovian materials obtain a given response using a new stimulus (the originally neutral one); i.e., the system evolves to a new state. This also enables the functionality to be described by a logic diagram. Ample room for generalization to different stimuli and memory combinations is foreseen, and opportunities to develop future adaptive materials with ever-more intelligent functions are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hao Zeng
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI 02150, Espoo, Finland
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5
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Zeng H, Zhang H, Ikkala O, Priimagi A. Associative Learning by Classical Conditioning in Liquid Crystal Network Actuators. MATTER 2020; 2:194-206. [PMID: 31984376 PMCID: PMC6961496 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Responsive and shape-memory materials allow stimuli-driven switching between fixed states. However, their behavior remains unchanged under repeated stimuli exposure, i.e., their properties do not evolve. By contrast, biological materials allow learning in response to past experiences. Classical conditioning is an elementary form of associative learning, which inspires us to explore simplified routes even for inanimate materials to respond to new, initially neutral stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that soft actuators composed of thermoresponsive liquid crystal networks "learn" to respond to light upon a conditioning process where light is associated with heating. We apply the concept to soft microrobotics, demonstrating a locomotive system that "learns to walk" under periodic light stimulus, and gripping devices able to "recognize" irradiation colors. We anticipate that actuators that algorithmically emulate elementary aspects of associative learning and whose sensitivity to new stimuli can be conditioned depending on past experiences may provide new routes toward adaptive, autonomous soft microrobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Corresponding author
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Corresponding author
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6
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Zhang H, Zeng H, Priimagi A, Ikkala O. Programmable responsive hydrogels inspired by classical conditioning algorithm. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3267. [PMID: 31332196 PMCID: PMC6646376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Living systems have inspired research on non-biological dynamic materials and systems chemistry to mimic specific complex biological functions. Upon pursuing ever more complex life-inspired non-biological systems, mimicking even the most elementary aspects of learning is a grand challenge. We demonstrate a programmable hydrogel-based model system, whose behaviour is inspired by associative learning, i.e., conditioning, which is among the simplest forms of learning. Algorithmically, associative learning minimally requires responsivity to two different stimuli and a memory element. Herein, nanoparticles form the memory element, where a photoacid-driven pH-change leads to their chain-like assembly with a modified spectral behaviour. On associating selected light irradiation with heating, the gel starts to melt upon the irradiation, originally a neutral stimulus. A logic diagram describes such an evolution of the material response. Coupled chemical reactions drive the system out-of-equilibrium, allowing forgetting and memory recovery. The findings encourage to search non-biological materials towards associative and dynamic properties. Living systems inspired research on systems chemistry to mimic specific complex biological functions, but mimicking even the most elementary aspects of learning is a grand challenge. Here the authors demonstrate a programmable hydrogel-based model system, whose behaviour is inspired by associative learning.
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Zhang S, Geryak R, Geldmeier J, Kim S, Tsukruk VV. Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications of Hybrid Nanostructures for Biosensing. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12942-13038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidi Zhang
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Ren Geryak
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Jeffrey Geldmeier
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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8
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Wood ML, Domanskyi S, Privman V. Design of High Quality Chemical XOR Gates with Noise Reduction. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1773-1781. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenna L. Wood
- Department of Physics; Clarkson University; Potsdam NY 13676 USA
| | - Sergii Domanskyi
- Department of Physics; Clarkson University; Potsdam NY 13676 USA
| | - Vladimir Privman
- Department of Physics; Clarkson University; Potsdam NY 13676 USA
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9
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Domanskyi S, Privman V. Modeling and Modifying Response of Biochemical Processes for Biocomputing and Biosensing Signal Processing. EMERGENCE, COMPLEXITY AND COMPUTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33921-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Verma A, Fratto BE, Privman V, Katz E. Design of Flow Systems for Improved Networking and Reduced Noise in Biomolecular Signal Processing in Biocomputing and Biosensing Applications. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16071042. [PMID: 27399702 PMCID: PMC4969838 DOI: 10.3390/s16071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We consider flow systems that have been utilized for small-scale biomolecular computing and digital signal processing in binary-operating biosensors. Signal measurement is optimized by designing a flow-reversal cuvette and analyzing the experimental data to theoretically extract the pulse shape, as well as reveal the level of noise it possesses. Noise reduction is then carried out numerically. We conclude that this can be accomplished physically via the addition of properly designed well-mixing flow-reversal cell(s) as an integral part of the flow system. This approach should enable improved networking capabilities and potentially not only digital but analog signal-processing in such systems. Possible applications in complex biocomputing networks and various sense-and-act systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Verma
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
| | - Brian E Fratto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
| | - Vladimir Privman
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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11
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Katz E, Minko S. Enzyme-based logic systems interfaced with signal-responsive materials and electrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3493-500. [PMID: 25578785 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based biocomputing systems were interfaced with signal-responsive membranes and electrodes resulting in bioelectronic devices switchable by logically processed biomolecular signals. "Smart" membranes, electrodes, biofuel cells, memristors and substance-releasing systems were activated by various combinations of biomolecular signals in the pre-programmed way implemented in biocatalytic cascades mimicking logic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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12
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Biocomputing — tools, aims, perspectives. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 34:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Fratto BE, Katz E. Reversible Logic Gates Based on Enzyme-Biocatalyzed Reactions and Realized in Flow Cells: A Modular Approach. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1405-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Ones and zeros can be handled by molecules through the input-control of their signaling features. The progress in this exciting field during the last five years is covered in this tutorial review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Physical Chemistry
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO – Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering
- Physical Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry
- University of Huelva
- E-21071 Huelva
- Spain
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15
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Electrical charging characteristics of Au NPs embedded by sequence specific complementary DNA hybridization in metal-pentacene-insulator-silicon device. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-014-8405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Privman V, Domanskyi S, Mailloux S, Holade Y, Katz E. Kinetic Model for a Threshold Filter in an Enzymatic System for Bioanalytical and Biocomputing Applications. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12435-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508224y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yaovi Holade
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR-CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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Mailloux S, Guz N, Zakharchenko A, Minko S, Katz E. Majority and minority gates realized in enzyme-biocatalyzed systems integrated with logic networks and interfaced with bioelectronic systems. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6775-84. [PMID: 24873717 DOI: 10.1021/jp504057u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions operating in parallel and resulting in reduction of NAD(+) or oxidation of NADH were used to mimic 3-input majority and minority logic gates, respectively. The substrates corresponding to the enzyme reactions were used as the input signals. When the input signals were applied at their high concentrations, defined as logic 1 input values, the corresponding biocatalytic reactions were activated, resulting in changes of the NADH concentration defined as the output signal. The NADH concentration changes were dependent on the number of parallel reactions activated by the input signals. The absence of the substrates, meaning their logic 0 input values, kept the reactions mute with no changes in the NADH concentration. In the system mimicking the majority function, the enzyme-biocatalyzed reactions resulted in a higher production of NADH when more than one input signal was applied at the logic 1 value. Another system mimicking the minority function consumed more NADH, thus leaving a smaller residual output signal, when more than one input signal was applied at the logic 1 value. The performance of the majority gate was improved by processing the output signal through a filter system in which another biocatalytic reaction consumed a fraction of the output signal, thus reducing its physical value to zero when the logic 0 value was obtained. The majority gate was integrated with a preceding AND logic gate to illustrate the possibility of complex networks. The output signal, NADH, was also used to activate a process mimicking drug release, thus illustrating the use of the majority gate in decision-making biomedical systems. The 3-input majority gate was also used as a switchable AND/OR gate when one of the input signals was reserved as a command signal, switching the logic operation for processing of the other two inputs. Overall, the designed majority and minority logic gates demonstrate novel functions of biomolecular information processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Mailloux
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University , Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
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18
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Huang WT, Luo HQ, Li NB. Boolean Logic Tree of Graphene-Based Chemical System for Molecular Computation and Intelligent Molecular Search Query. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4494-500. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5004008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments
in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Tiansheng
Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments
in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Tiansheng
Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Nian Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments
in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Tiansheng
Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Kim M, Lee HJ, Oh S, Kim Y, Jung H, Oh MK, Yoon YJ, Yoo TH, Yoon TS, Lee HH. Robust ZnO nanoparticle embedded memory device using vancomycin conjugate and its biorecognition for electrical charging node. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 56:33-8. [PMID: 24462828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of antibiotic vancomycin (VAN) on nanoparticles (NPs) has recently initiated novel works in the nanobiotechnology field. In this study, a bioelectronic structure using VAN conjugated zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs as charge storing elements on metal-pentacene-insulator-silicon (MPIS) device is demonstrated. Highly specific molecular recognition between the VAN and membrane protein unit mimicked from VAN-resistant bacteria is employed as the formation mechanism of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) of ZnO NPs. The insulator surface is modified with the VAN cognate peptide of L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala by chemical activator coupling. Hysteretic behaviors in capacitance versus voltage (C-V) curves are obtained for the charged ZnO NPs exhibiting flatband voltage shifts, which demonstrate the charge storage on the VAN conjugated ZnO NPs. The potential perspective of this study will be a tangible progress of biomolecular electronics implemented by the interface between biomolecules and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkeun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewook Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunsang Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans's University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Yoon
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea.
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MacVittie K, Katz E. Self-powered electrochemical memristor based on a biofuel cell – towards memristors integrated with biocomputing systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4816-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Zhu K, Shen J, Dietrich R, Didier A, Jiang X, Märtlbauer E. Ordered self-assembly of proteins for computation in mammalian cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:676-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Privman V, Zavalov O, Halámková L, Moseley F, Halámek J, Katz E. Networked Enzymatic Logic Gates with Filtering: New Theoretical Modeling Expressions and Their Experimental Application. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:14928-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lenka Halámková
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | | | - Jan Halámek
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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