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Białek MJ, Hurej K, Furuta H, Latos-Grażyński L. Organometallic chemistry confined within a porphyrin-like framework. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2082-2144. [PMID: 36852929 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00784c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The world of modified porphyrins changed forever when an N-confused porphyrin (NCP), a porphyrin isomer, was first published in 1994. The replacement of one inner nitrogen with a carbon atom revolutionised the chemistry that one is able to perform within the coordination cavity. One could explore new pathways in the organometallic chemistry of porphyrins by forcing a carbon fragment from the ring or an inner substituent to sit close to an inserted metal ion. Since the NCP discovery, a series of modifications became available to tune the coordination properties of the cavity, introducing a fascinating realm of carbaporphyrins. The review surveys all possible carbatetraphyrins(1.1.1.1) and their spectacular coordination and organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Grover V, Pushpanandan P, Ravikanth M. Piperazine Bridged Thianorrole Dimer. Org Lett 2023; 25:756-760. [PMID: 36722846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative cyclization of open chain thiabilanes yielded the first examples of unique piperazine bridged thianorrole dimers instead of the expected thianorrole monomer. In the thianorrole dimer, the two thianorrole monomeric units are linked via two direct pyrrole C-C bonds by involving the inverted pyrrole and adjacent pyrrole rings of each thianorrole macrocycle and generate a six-membered piperazine ring that bridges the two thianorrole macrocycles. The spectral studies indicated that the thianorrole dimers are nonaromatic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratta Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Poornenth Pushpanandan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Neo-Porphyrinoids: New Members of the Porphyrinoid Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:26. [PMID: 34009495 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The four pyrrole rings and four meso carbons of tetrapyrrolic porphyrins can be arranged in different ways and the resulting porphyrin isomers exhibit very distinct electronic properties. The extensive research carried out on the porphyrins over the years has revealed that porphyrin can have several possible isomers and some of these have been identified and synthesized. Among the porphyrin isomers synthesized so far, porphycene and N-confused porphyrins have been investigated extensively whereas the other porphyrin isomers such as hemiporphycene, corrphycene and isoporphycene remain underdeveloped because of synthetic difficulties and their inherently unstable nature. Neoporphyrinoids are new members of the porphyrinoid family that were discovered serendipitously in 2011. Neoporphyrinoids are structural analogues of porphyrinoids with a confused pyrrole nitrogen linked to a meso carbon or the adjacent pyrrole carbon. Thus, neoporphyrinoids have an unusual structure in which pyrrole N is a part of a porphyrinoid framework and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen participate in macrocyclic conjugation. It's been a decade since the discovery and different types of neoporphyrinoids, including regular, contracted and expanded neoporphyrinoids, have been synthesized by rational synthetic methodologies and their spectral, structural, aromatic and coordination properties have been studied. There is huge scope to develop different synthetic routes to produce new types of stable neoporphyrinoids to study their properties and potential applications. This article presents a brief overview of the synthesis, structure and properties of the neoporphyrinoids reported in this decade.
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Almejbel AS, Lash TD. Synthesis of 2-bromo- and 2-phenyl-neo-confused porphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7336-7344. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01642j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New examples of neo-confused porphyrins are reported. These retain global diatropic characteristics but are relatively unstable in solution.
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Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phlorin Analogues of Dithiacorrphycene and Their Use as Specific Chemodosimetric Sensors for Fe 3+ Ions. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3040-3050. [PMID: 30009561 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of stable phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycene were synthesized by treating appropriate tetrapyrranes with two equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in CH2 Cl2 followed by oxidation with p-chloranil. The oxidative coupling of tetrapyrrane resulted in the formation of two unexpected phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes that differed from each other at the meso-sp3 -carbon, and the two macrocycles were easily separated and isolated by column chromatography. The novel macrocycles were confirmed by X-ray crystallography and characterized by HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and time-dependent DFT studies. X-ray structure analysis revealed the highly strained and distorted nature of the macrocycles. The macrocycles showed one ill-defined absorption band at λ≈315 nm and a broad band at λ≈530 nm. Because both macrocycles possess two thiophene and two pyrrole rings with one ionizable inner NH, the cation-sensing properties of the phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes have been investigated. The phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes act as specific chemodosimetric sensors for Fe3+ ions by converting phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes into dithiacorrphycene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Kumar S, Thorat KG, Lee WZ, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structural, Spectral, and Electrochemical Studies of Selenabenziporphyrin and Its Pd(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8956-8963. [PMID: 29985596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new nonaromatic selenabenziporphyrin was synthesized by (3 + 1) condensation of m-benzitripyrrane and 2,5-bis[( p-tolyl)hydroxymethyl] selenophene under mild trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed reaction conditions. The selenabenziporphyrin was characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure revealed that the macrocycle was planar with moderately tilted m-phenylene ring and that the phenylene ring completely blocks the macrocyclic π-delocalization. The selenabenziporphyrin exhibits one broad absorption band at 645 nm along with one sharp band at 415 nm, and electrochemical studies revealed that the macrocycle was electron-deficient. The selenabenziporphyrin readily forms organometallic Pd(II) complex when treated with PdCl2 in CH3CN/CHCl3 at reflux followed by recrystallization. The X-ray structure revealed that the Pd(II) ion was coordinated with two pyrrole "N"s, selenophene "Se", and m-phenylene ring "C" in square-planar fashion, and the complex retained its nonaromatic nature. The Pd(II) complex exhibits ill-defined absorption bands, and it was more electron-deficient than free-base selenabenziporphyrin macrocycle. Time-dependent density functional theory studies supported the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , 88 Section 4 Ting-Chow Road , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Li M, Wei P, Ishida M, Li X, Savage M, Guo R, Ou Z, Yang S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Macrocyclic Transformations from Norrole to Isonorrole and an N-Confused Corrole with a Fused Hexacyclic Ring System Triggered by a Pyrrole Substituent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Pingchun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Mathew Savage
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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Li M, Wei P, Ishida M, Li X, Savage M, Guo R, Ou Z, Yang S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Macrocyclic Transformations from Norrole to Isonorrole and an N-Confused Corrole with a Fused Hexacyclic Ring System Triggered by a Pyrrole Substituent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3063-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Pingchun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Mathew Savage
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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Zhang K, Savage M, Li X, Jiang Y, Ishida M, Mitsuno K, Karasawa S, Kato T, Zhu W, Yang S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Rational syntheses of helical π-conjugated oligopyrrins with a bipyrrole linkage: geometry control of bis-copper(ii) coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5148-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rational syntheses of long-chain helical π-conjugated oligopyrrins and their bis-copper complexes afford systematically modulated optical and magnetic properties.
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. In Pursuit of Novel Porphyrin Isomers. Aromatic Character and Relative Stability of Conjugated Tetrapyrroles with Two Neo-Confused Rings or with Mixed Neo-Confused and N-Confused Subunits. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11440-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Wei P, Zhang K, Li X, Meng D, Ågren H, Ou Z, Ng S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Neo-Fused Hexaphyrin: A Molecular Puzzle Containing an N-Linked Pentaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14069-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wei P, Zhang K, Li X, Meng D, Ågren H, Ou Z, Ng S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Neo-Fused Hexaphyrin: A Molecular Puzzle Containing an N-Linked Pentaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li R, Lammer AD, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Aromatic Characteristics, and Metalation of Neo-Confused Porphyrins, a Newly Discovered Class of Porphyrin Isomers. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4078-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aaron D. Lammer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Xie Y, Wei P, Li X, Hong T, Zhang K, Furuta H. Macrocycle Contraction and Expansion of a Dihydrosapphyrin Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:19119-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Pingchun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Hong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Center
for Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Aromatic character and relative stability of neo-confused porphyrin tautomers and related compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8306-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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