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Song K, Ha S, Shin KY. Highly Conductive and Long-Term Stable Phosphorene-Based Nanocomposite for Radio-Frequency Antenna Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1013. [PMID: 38921889 PMCID: PMC11206362 DOI: 10.3390/nano14121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an omnidirectional and high-performance free-standing monopole patch radio-frequency antenna was fabricated using a urea-functionalized phosphorene/TiO2/polypyrrole (UTP) nanocomposite. The UTP nanocomposite antenna was fabricated via ball milling of urea-functionalized phosphorene, chemical oxidative polymerization of the UTP nanocomposite, and mechanical pelletizing of the composite. Based on experiments, the proposed UTP nanocomposite-based antenna exhibited long-term stability in terms of electrical conductivity. After 12 weeks, a slight change in surface resistance was observed. The proposed antenna exhibited high radiation efficiency (78.2%) and low return loss (-36.6 dB). The results of this study suggest the potential of UTP nanocomposite antennas for applications in 5G technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keun-Young Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (K.S.); (S.H.)
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2
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Wang Z, Wang D, Zhang C, Chen W, Meng Q, Yuan H, Yang S. A Fluorinated Polyimide Based Nano Silver Paste with High Thermal Resistance and Outstanding Thixotropic Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051150. [PMID: 36904391 PMCID: PMC10007458 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of high conductivity, acceptable cost and good screen-printing process performance, silver pastes have been extensively used for making flexible electronics. However, there are few reported articles focusing on high heat resistance solidified silver pastes and their rheological properties. In this paper, a fluorinated polyamic acids (FPAA) is synthesized by polymerization of the 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether as monomers in the diethylene glycol monobutyl. The nano silver pastes are prepared by mixing the obtained FPAA resin with nano silver powder. The agglomerated particles caused by nano silver powder are divided and the dispersion of nano silver pastes are improved by three-roll grinding process with low roll gaps. The obtained nano silver pastes possess excellent thermal resistance with 5% weight loss temperature higher than 500 °C. The volume resistivity of cured nano silver paste achieves 4.52 × 10-7 Ω·m, when the silver content is 83% and the curing temperature is 300 °C. Additionally, the nano silver pastes have high thixotropic performance, which contributes to fabricate the fine pattern with high resolution. Finally, the conductive pattern with high resolution is prepared by printing silver nano pastes onto PI (Kapton-H) film. The excellent comprehensive properties, including good electrical conductivity, outstanding heat resistance and high thixotropy, make it a potential application in flexible electronics manufacturing, especially in high-temperature fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhe Wang
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dong Wang
- The Second Military Representative Office of the Air Force Equipment Department in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Qingjie Meng
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Li Z, Chang S, Khuje S, Ren S. Recent Advancement of Emerging Nano Copper-Based Printable Flexible Hybrid Electronics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6211-6232. [PMID: 33834763 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Printed copper materials have been attracting significant attention prominently due to their electric, mechanical, and thermal properties. The emerging copper-based flexible electronics and energy-critical applications rely on the control of electric conductivity, current-carrying capacity, and reliability of copper nanostructures and their printable ink materials. In this review, we describe the growth of copper nanostructures as the building blocks for printable ink materials on which a variety of conductive features can be additively manufactured to achieve high electric conductivity and stability. Accordingly, the copper-based flexible hybrid electronics and energy-critical devices printed by different printing techniques are reviewed for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Shuquan Chang
- College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Saurabh Khuje
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Research and Education in Energy Environment & Water Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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4
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Yang Z, Pan Y, Zhao H, Yang X, Liang Y, Zhang Z, Fang B. Facile fabrication and low-temperature bonding of Cu@Sn–Bi core–shell particles for conductive pastes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26408-26414. [PMID: 35479432 PMCID: PMC9037467 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02514g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu@Sn–Bi core–shell particles were synthesized and used as conductive fillers of ink applied to flexible printed circuits. This work provides new insights into the low-temperature bonding and anti-oxidation protection of Cu-based conductive pastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehan Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Hengyu Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangmin Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Liang
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Fang
- Institute of Nuclear Technology and Application
- School of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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5
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Murtaza M, Hussain N, Sen L, Wu H. Replacement reaction-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles by jet for conductive ink. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:115301. [PMID: 31791036 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5dfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles with controllable morphology and with high purity remains challenging. In this work, single crystalline Ag nanoparticles with uniform morphology and high purity are successfully synthesized based on the replacement reaction between aqueous Ag nitrate (AgNO3) and solid copper (Cu) via jet. We further demonstrate that the developed jet method is facile and morphology-controllable. It is believed that diffusion limited aggregation and oriented attachment mechanisms are responsible for the formation of Ag nanostructures. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques. Finally, the Ag nanoparticles are successfully applied to prepare the conductive ink for flexible electronics and wearable equipment. Furthermore, the conductivity, flexibility and stability of the conductive material are measured. The conductive pattern exhibits lowest resistivity of 6.7 μΩ cm, showing the good conductivity of the prepared conductive material. In addition, the prepared conductive material is flexible in nature and exhibits stability over a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Murtaza
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Paracha KN, Butt AD, Alghamdi AS, Babale SA, Soh PJ. Liquid Metal Antennas: Materials, Fabrication and Applications. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010177. [PMID: 31905646 PMCID: PMC6983104 DOI: 10.3390/s20010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews design aspects of liquid metal antennas and their corresponding applications. In the age of modern wireless communication technologies, adaptability and versatility have become highly attractive features of any communication device. Compared to traditional conductors like copper, the flow property and lack of elasticity limit of conductive fluids, makes them an ideal alternative for applications demanding mechanically flexible antennas. These fluidic properties also allow innovative antenna fabrication techniques like 3D printing, injecting, or spraying the conductive fluid on rigid/flexible substrates. Such fluids can also be easily manipulated to implement reconfigurability in liquid antennas using methods like micro pumping or electrochemically controlled capillary action as compared to traditional approaches like high-frequency switching. In this work, we discuss attributes of widely used conductive fluids, their novel patterning/fabrication techniques, and their corresponding state-of-the-art applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Nisar Paracha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Arslan Dawood Butt
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (A.D.B.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Ali S. Alghamdi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.D.B.); (A.S.A.)
| | | | - Ping Jack Soh
- Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 02600, Malaysia;
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Gund GS, Jung MG, Shin KY, Park HS. Two-Dimensional Metallic Niobium Diselenide for Sub-micrometer-Thin Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14114-14121. [PMID: 31746198 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art of the Internet of things (IoT) and smart electronics demands advances in thin and flexible radio frequency (RF) antennas for wireless communication systems. So far, nanostructured materials such as metals, carbon nanotubes, graphene, MXene, and conducting polymers have been investigated due to their noteworthy electrical conductivity. However, most antennas based on metallic materials are thick, which limits their application in miniaturized and portable electronic devices. Herein, we report two-dimensional (2D) metallic niobium diselenide (NbSe2) for a monopole patch RF antenna, which functions effectively despite its sub-micrometer thickness, which is less than the skin depths of other metals. The as-fabricated antenna has an 855 nm thickness and a 1.2 Ω sq-1 sheet resistance and achieves a reflection coefficient of -46.5 dB, a radiation efficiency of 70.6%, and omnidirectional RF propagation. Additionally, the resonance frequency of this antenna at the same thickness is reconfigured from 2.01 to 2.80 GHz, while decreasing its length and preserving its reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB. This approach offers a facile process to synthesize 2D metallic transition metal dichalcogenides for the rational design of flexible, miniaturized, frequency-tunable, and omnidirectional monopole patch RF antennas for body-centric wearable communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keun-Young Shin
- School of Nano Convergence Technology , Hallym University , Chuncheon 24252 , Republic of Korea
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhu P, Li G, Cui Z, Cui C, Zhang K, Gao J, Chen X, Zhang G, Sun R, Wong C. PVP-Mediated Galvanic Replacement Synthesis of Smart Elliptic Cu-Ag Nanoflakes for Electrically Conductive Pastes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8382-8390. [PMID: 30726050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Elliptic Cu-Ag nanoflakes were syntheszied via facile in situ galvanic replacement between prepared Cu particles and Ag ions. Alloy nanoflakes with high purity and uniformity present a size of 700 × 500 nm, with a thinness of 30 nm. Nontoxic and low-cost polyvinyl pyrrolidone was used as a dispersant and structure-directing agent, promoting the formation of the remarkable structure. Synthesized nanoflakes were utilized as a filler for conductive paste in an epoxy resin matrix. Conductive patterns on flexible substrates with a resistivity of 3.75 × 10-5 Ω·cm could be achieved after curing at 150 °C for 2 h. Compared with traditional silver microflakes, smart alloy nanoflakes provide much improved conductive interconnection, whose advantage could be attributed to their nanoscale thicknesses. It is also noteworthy that the conductive patterns are able to tolerate multiple bendings at different angles, having good conductivity even after 200 repeated bendings. Therefore, alloy nanoflakes could be a promising candidate conductive filler for flexible printing electronics, electronic packaging, and other conductive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, and Key Laboratory of Precision Microelectronic Manufacturing Technology & Equipment of Ministry of Education , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Gang Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhen Cui
- Department of Microelectronics , Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD , Netherlands
| | - Chengqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, and Key Laboratory of Precision Microelectronic Manufacturing Technology & Equipment of Ministry of Education , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, and Key Laboratory of Precision Microelectronic Manufacturing Technology & Equipment of Ministry of Education , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, and Key Laboratory of Precision Microelectronic Manufacturing Technology & Equipment of Ministry of Education , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, and Key Laboratory of Precision Microelectronic Manufacturing Technology & Equipment of Ministry of Education , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics , Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD , Netherlands
| | - Rong Sun
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Chingping Wong
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055 , China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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9
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Sakurai S, Akiyama Y, Kawasaki H. Filtration-induced production of conductive/robust Cu films on cellulose paper by low-temperature sintering in air. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172417. [PMID: 30109061 PMCID: PMC6083705 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose paper is an attractive substrate for paper electronics because of its advantages of flexibility, biodegradability, easy incorporation into composites, low cost and eco-friendliness. However, the micrometre-sized pores of cellulose paper make robust/conductive films difficult to deposit onto its surface from metal-nanoparticle-based inks. We developed a Cu-based composite ink to deposit conductive Cu films onto cellulose paper via low-temperature sintering in air. The Cu-based inks consisted of a metallo-organic decomposition ink and formic-acid-treated Cu flakes. The composite ink was heated in air at 100°C for only 15 s to give a conductive Cu film (7 × 10-5 Ω cm) on the cellulose paper. Filtration of the Cu-based composite ink accumulated Cu flakes on the paper, which enabled formation of a sintered Cu film with few defects. A strategy was developed to enhance the bending stability of the sintered Cu films on paper substrates using polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified Cu flakes and amine-modified paper. The resistance of the Cu films increased only 1.3-fold and 1.1-fold after 1000 bending cycles at bending radii of 5 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The results of this study provide an approach to increasing the bending stability of Cu films on cellulose paper.
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10
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Bai S, Zhang S, Zhou W, Ma D, Ma Y, Joshi P, Hu A. Laser-Assisted Reduction of Highly Conductive Circuits Based on Copper Nitrate for Flexible Printed Sensors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2017; 9:42. [PMID: 30393737 PMCID: PMC6199039 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-017-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic sensing devices are defining the path toward wearable electronics. High-performance flexible strain sensors attached on clothing or human skin are required for potential applications in the entertainment, health monitoring, and medical care sectors. In this work, conducting copper electrodes were fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane as sensitive stretchable microsensors by integrating laser direct writing and transfer printing approaches. The copper electrode was reduced from copper salt using laser writing rather than the general approach of printing with pre-synthesized copper or copper oxide nanoparticles. An electrical resistivity of 96 μΩ cm was achieved on 40-μm-thick Cu electrodes on flexible substrates. The motion sensing functionality successfully demonstrated a high sensitivity and mechanical robustness. This in situ fabrication method leads to a path toward electronic devices on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Bai
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingle Yuan, Beijing, 100124 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigang Zhang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhanlanguan Road, Beijing, 100044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingle Yuan, Beijing, 100124 People’s Republic of China
| | - Delong Ma
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingle Yuan, Beijing, 100124 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingle Yuan, Beijing, 100124 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pooran Joshi
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6061 USA
| | - Anming Hu
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingle Yuan, Beijing, 100124 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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Paquet C, Lacelle T, Deore B, Kell AJ, Liu X, Korobkov I, Malenfant PRL. Pyridine–copper(ii) formates for the generation of high conductivity copper films at low temperatures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2605-8. [PMID: 26750775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine derivatives coordinated to copper(ii) formates are shown to have lower decomposition temperatures than the alkylamine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Paquet
- Security and Disruptive Technologies
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - T. Lacelle
- Security and Disruptive Technologies
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - B. Deore
- Security and Disruptive Technologies
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - A. J. Kell
- Security and Disruptive Technologies
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - X. Liu
- Security and Disruptive Technologies
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - I. Korobkov
- X-ray Core Facility
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - P. R. L. Malenfant
- Security and Disruptive Technologies
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
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Highly Omnidirectional and Frequency Controllable Carbon/Polyaniline-based 2D and 3D Monopole Antenna. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13615. [PMID: 26338090 PMCID: PMC4559896 DOI: 10.1038/srep13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly omnidirectional and frequency controllable carbon/polyaniline (C/PANI)-based, two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) monopole antennas were fabricated using screen-printing and a one-step, dimensionally confined hydrothermal strategy, respectively. Solvated C/PANI was synthesized by low-temperature interfacial polymerization, during which strong π–π interactions between graphene and the quinoid rings of PANI resulted in an expanded PANI conformation with enhanced crystallinity and improved mechanical and electrical properties. Compared to antennas composed of pristine carbon or PANI-based 2D monopole structures, 2D monopole antennas composed of this enhanced hybrid material were highly efficient and amenable to high-frequency, omnidirectional electromagnetic waves. The mean frequency of C/PANI fiber-based 3D monopole antennas could be controlled by simply cutting and stretching the antenna. These antennas attained high peak gain (3.60 dBi), high directivity (3.91 dBi) and radiation efficiency (92.12%) relative to 2D monopole antenna. These improvements were attributed the high packing density and aspect ratios of C/PANI fibers and the removal of the flexible substrate. This approach offers a valuable and promising tool for producing highly omnidirectional and frequency-controllable, carbon-based monopole antennas for use in wireless networking communications on industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands.
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