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Horita Y, Hossain S, Ishimi M, Zhao P, Sera M, Kawawaki T, Takano S, Niihori Y, Nakamura T, Tsukuda T, Ehara M, Negishi Y. Clarifying the Electronic Structure of Anion-Templated Silver Nanoclusters by Optical Absorption Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23533-23540. [PMID: 37862604 PMCID: PMC10623570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structures of anion-templated silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) are not well understood compared to conventional, template-free Ag NCs. In this study, we synthesized three new anion-templated Ag NCs, namely [S@Ag17(S-4CBM)15(PPh3)5]0, [S@Ag18(S-4CBM)16(PPh3)8]0, and [Cl@Ag18(S-4CBM)16(PPh3)8][PPh4], where S-4CBM = 4-chlorobenzene methanethiolate, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography revealed that they have S@Ag6, S@Ag10, and Cl@Ag10 cores, respectively. Investigation of their electronic structures by optical spectroscopy and theoretical calculations elucidated the following unique features: (1) their electronic structures are different from those of template-free Ag NCs described by the superatomic concept; (2) optical absorption in the range of 550-400 nm for S2--templated Ag NCs is attributed to the charge transitions from S2--templated Ag-cage orbitals to the s-shaped orbital in the S2- moiety; (3) the Cl--templated Ag NCs can be viewed as [Cl@Ag18(S-4CBM)16(PPh3)8]0[PPh4]0 rather than the ion pair [Cl@Ag18(S-4CBM)16(PPh3)8]-[PPh4]+; and (4) singlet-coupled singly occupied orbitals are involved in the optical absorption of the Cl--templated Ag NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Research
Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Institute
for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Miyu Sera
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Niihori
- Research
Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute
for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Horita Y, Ishimi M, Negishi Y. Anion-templated silver nanoclusters: precise synthesis and geometric structure. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2203832. [PMID: 37251258 PMCID: PMC10215029 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2203832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are gaining much attention in nanoscale materials research because they exhibit size-specific physicochemical properties that are not observed in the corresponding bulk metals. Among them, silver (Ag) NCs can be precisely synthesized not only as pure Ag NCs but also as anion-templated Ag NCs. For anion-templated Ag NCs, we can expect the following capabilities: 1) size and shape control by regulating the central anion (anion template); 2) stabilization by adjusting the charge interaction between the central anion and surrounding Ag atoms; and 3) functionalization by selecting the type of central anion. In this review, we summarize the synthesis methods and influences of the central anion on the geometric structure of anion-templated Ag NCs, which include halide ions, chalcogenide ions, oxoanions, polyoxometalate, or hydride/deuteride as the central anion. This summary provides a reference for the current state of anion-templated Ag NCs, which may promote the development of anion-templated Ag NCs with novel geometric structures and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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3
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Artem'ev AV, Liu CW. Recent progress in dichalcophosphate coinage metal clusters and superatoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37184074 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters of group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) attract considerable attention owing to their remarkable structure and fascinating properties. One of the unique subclasses of these clusters is based on dichalcophosphate ligands of [(RO)2PE2]- type (E = S or Se, and R = alkyl). These ligands successfully stabilise the most diverse Cu, Ag, and Au clusters and superatoms, spanning from simple ones to amazing assemblies featuring unusual structural and bonding patterns. It is noteworthy that such complicated clusters are assembled directly from cheap and simple reagents, metal(I) salts and dichalcophosphate anions. This reaction, when performed in the presence of a hydride or other anion sources, or foreign metal ions, results in hydrido- or anion-templated homo- or heteronuclear structures. In this feature article, we survey the recent advances in this exciting field, highlighting the powerful synthetic capabilities of the system "a metal(I) salt - [(RO)2PX2]- ligands - a templating anion or borohydride" as an inexhaustible platform for the creation of new atomically precise clusters, superatoms, and nanoalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Artem'ev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - C W Liu
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Surface modifications of eight-electron palladium silver superatomic alloys. Commun Chem 2022; 5:151. [PMID: 36697889 PMCID: PMC9814913 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise thiolate-protected coinage metal nanoclusters and their alloys are far more numerous than their selenium congeners, the synthesis of which remains extremely challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of atomically defined dithiophosph(in)ate protected eight-electron superatomic palladium silver nanoalloys [PdAg20{S2PR2}12], 2a-c (where R = OiPr, a; OiBu, b; Ph, c) via ligand exchange and/or co-reduction methods. The ligand exchange reaction on [PdAg20{S2P(OnPr)2}12], 1, with [NH4{Se2PR2}12] (where R = OiPr, or OnPr) leads to the formation of [PdAg20{Se2P(OiPr)2}12] (3) and [PdAg20{Se2P(OnPr)2}12] (4), respectively. Solid state structures of 2a, 2b, 3 and 4 unravel different PdAg20 metal frameworks from their parent cluster, originating from the different distributions of the eight-capping silver(I) atoms around a Pd@Ag12 centered icosahedron with C2, D3, Th and Th symmetries, respectively. Surprisingly ambient temperature crystallization of the reaction product 3 obtained by the ligand exchange reaction on 1 has resulted in the co-crystallization of two isomers in the unit cell with overall T (3a) and C3 (3b) symmetries, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first ever characterized isomeric pair among the selenolate-protected NCs. Density functional theory (DFT) studies further rationalize the preferred geometrical isomerism of the PdAg20 core.
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5
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Ligand accommodation causes altered reactivity of silver clusters with iodomethane: superatomic stability of Ag9I2+ in mimicking XeF2. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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He L, Dong T. Progress in controlling the synthesis of atomically precise silver nanoclusters. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This short review was designed to summarize the advances in synthesis methods of silver nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, PR China
| | - Tingting Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
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Liao J, Chang H, Fang C, Liu CW. T‐symmetric 40‐nucleus silver clusters assembled by hetero‐anions. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hao‐Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ching‐Shiang Fang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan R.O.C
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan R.O.C
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Li HJ, Wei XW, Liu KG, Yan XW. High-Nuclearity Silver-alkynyl Cluster Encapsulating Two Carbonates Generated from Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Co-protected by Diphenylphosphinate Ligands. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Pan ZH, Deng CL, Wang Z, Lin JQ, Luo GG, Sun D. Silver clusters templated by homo- and hetero-anions. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights the use of homo- and hetero-anion templates for the ordered assembly of high-nuclearity silver clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Function Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen 361021
- P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Long Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Function Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen 361021
- P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
| | - Jin-Qing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Function Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen 361021
- P.R. China
| | - Geng-Geng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Function Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen 361021
- P.R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
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Jia AQ, Sheng MM, Che G, Xu C, Zhang QF. Isolation and Structures of One- and Two-Dimensional High-Nuclearity Silver(I) Clusters from a Silver Propane-2-thiolate Chain. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Kang X, Zhu M. Metal Nanoclusters Stabilized by Selenol Ligands. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902703. [PMID: 31482648 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed great advances in controllable synthesis, structure determination, and property investigation of metal nanoclusters. Selenolated nanoclusters, a special branch in the nanocluster family, have attracted great interest in these years. The electronegativity and atomic radius of selenium is different from sulfur, and thus the selenolated nanoclusters are anticipated to display different electronic/geometric structures and distinct chemical/physical properties relative to their thiolated analogues. This review covers the syntheses, structures, and properties of selenolated nanoclusters (including Au, Ag, Cu, and alloy nanoclusters). Ligand effects (between SeR and SR) on nanocluster properties, including optical absorption, stability, and electrochemical properties, are disclosed as well. At the end of the review, a scope for improvements and future perspectives of selenolated nanoclusters is highlighted. The review hopefully opens up new horizons for cluster scientists to synthesize more selenolated nanoclusters with novel structures and properties. This review is based on publications available up to May 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
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12
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Chang WT, Lee PY, Liao JH, Chakrahari KK, Kahlal S, Liu YC, Chiang MH, Saillard JY, Liu CW. Eight-Electron Silver and Mixed Gold/Silver Nanoclusters Stabilized by Selenium Donor Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kiran Kumarvarma Chakrahari
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Samia Kahlal
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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13
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Chang WT, Lee PY, Liao JH, Chakrahari KK, Kahlal S, Liu YC, Chiang MH, Saillard JY, Liu CW. Eight-Electron Silver and Mixed Gold/Silver Nanoclusters Stabilized by Selenium Donor Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10178-10182. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kiran Kumarvarma Chakrahari
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Samia Kahlal
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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Xie YP, Jin JL, Duan GX, Lu X, Mak TC. High-nuclearity silver(I) chalcogenide clusters: A novel class of supramolecular assembly. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Zhang DJ, Yang SY, Teo BK. One-Dimensional Helical Metal Coordination Polymer: Synthesis and Structure of Infinite Chain of [Ag7(S2CNEt2)6]
n
+
(as [SbF6]− salt) Composed of Ag6(S2CNEt2)6 Cluster Units Linked by Ag(I) Ions via Peculiar Chelating S–S Bites. J CLUST SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Li Y, Qin Y, Wang Y, Liu W, Li Y. A {CoII9CoIII3} dodecanuclear cluster based on o-vanillin oxime: Synthesis, structures and properties. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Zhou K, Qin C, Yan LK, Wang FM, Su ZM. Facile assembly of 1D multinuclear Agn(n = 11, 11, 12) alkynyl chains with CF3COO−/CH3COO−as the auxiliary ligand. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09876e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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18
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Zhou K, Qin C, Wang XL, Shao KZ, Yan LK, Su ZM. Unexpected 1D self-assembly of carbonate-templated sandwich-like macrocycle-based Ag20S10luminescent nanoclusters. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00867g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Encapsulating Hydrides and Main-Group Anions in d10-Metal Clusters Stabilized by 1,1-Dichalcogeno Ligands. J CLUST SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-013-0671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Li B, Liao JH, Tang HT, Li YJ, Liu CW. Substitution reactions on a hypercoordinated main-group element encapsulated in a pentacapped trigonal prismatic copper cage. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:14384-7. [PMID: 24025996 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51835c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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