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Wang J, Peng Y. Resolution of Halogenated Mandelic Acids through Enantiospecific Co-Crystallization with Levetiracetam. Molecules 2021; 26:5536. [PMID: 34577007 PMCID: PMC8465588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The resolution of halogenated mandelic acids using levetiracetam (LEV) as a resolving agent via forming enantiospecific co-crystal was presented. Five halogenated mandelic acids, 2-chloromandelic acid (2-ClMA), 3-chloromandelic acid (3-ClMA), 4-chloromandelic acid (4-ClMA), 4-bromomandelic acid (4-BrMA), and 4-fluoromandelic acid (4-FMA), were selected as racemic compounds. The effects of the equilibrium time, molar ratio of the resolving agent to racemate, amount of solvent, and crystallization temperature on resolution performance were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the resolution efficiency reached up to 94% and the enantiomeric excess (%e.e.) of (R)-3-chloromandelic acid was 63%e.e. All five halogenated mandelic acids of interest in this study can be successfully separated by LEV via forming enantiospecific co-crystal, but the resolution performance is significantly different. The results showed that LEV selectively co-crystallized with S enantiomers of 2-ClMA, 3-ClMA, 4-ClMA, and 4-BrMA, while it co-crystallized with R enantiomers of 4-FMA. This indicates that the position and type of substituents of racemic compounds not only affect the co-crystal configuration, but also greatly affect the efficiency of co-crystal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangfeng Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
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2
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Song L, Robeyns K, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Leyssens T. Combining API in a dual-drug ternary cocrystal approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13229-13232. [PMID: 33030160 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05788f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is developed to design multi-drug solid forms. Using an inorganic salt as the glue sticking together two different APIs in a "drug-bridge-drug" approach, we successfully created and characterized three different ternary ionic cocrystals (TICCs). The link between binary and ternary ICCs and the importance of reaction stoichiometry was investigated using ternary solid-state phase diagrams. In addition, we highlighted the crucial role of water for the stability of these systems, as well as the impact on solubility compared to the respective parent compounds. We expect the strategy presented here to be applicable to a large series of drug combinations, opening up a promising new way of building multi-drug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Song
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
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Song L, Leng F, Robeyns K, Leyssens T. Quaternary phase diagrams as a tool for ionic cocrystallization: the case of a solid solution between a racemic and enantiopure ionic cocrystal. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary phase diagram of ionic cocrystals with solid solution formation is generated and dissolution surface is depicted clearly by contour lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Song
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Fucheng Leng
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve
- Belgium
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4
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Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T. Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7760-81. [PMID: 27185190 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This overview highlights the emergent area of mechanochemical reactions for making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and covers the latest advances in the recently established area of mechanochemical screening and synthesis of pharmaceutical solid forms, specifically polymorphs, cocrystals, salts and salt cocrystals. We also provide an overview of the most recent developments in pharmaceutical uses of mechanochemistry, including real-time reaction monitoring, techniques for polymorph control and approaches for continuous manufacture using twin screw extrusion, and more. Most importantly, we show how the overlap of previously unrelated areas of mechanochemical screening for API solid forms, organic synthesis by milling, and mechanochemical screening for molecular recognition, enables the emergence of a new research discipline in which different aspects of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry are addressed through mechanochemistry rather than through conventional solution-based routes. The emergence of such medicinal mechanochemistry is likely to have a strong impact on future pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it offers not only access to materials and reactivity that are sometimes difficult or even impossible to access from solution, but can also provide a general answer to the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for cleaner, safer and efficient synthetic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
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Braga D, Grepioni F, Shemchuk O. Organic–inorganic ionic co-crystals: a new class of multipurpose compounds. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reacting molecular organic solids with inorganic salts gives access to novel properties via ionic co-crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Braga
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Fabrizia Grepioni
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Oleksii Shemchuk
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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6
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Cerreia Vioglio P, Chierotti MR, Gobetto R. Pharmaceutical aspects of salt and cocrystal forms of APIs and characterization challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:86-110. [PMID: 28687273 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many efforts have been devoted to the screening and the study of new solid-state forms of old active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with salification or co-crystallization processes, thus modulating final properties without changing the pharmacological nature. Salts, hydrates/solvates, and cocrystals are the common solid-state forms employed. They offer the intriguing possibility of exploring different pharmaceutical properties for a single API in the quest of enhancing the final drug product. New synthetic strategies and advanced characterization techniques have been recently proposed in this hot topic for pharmaceutical companies. This paper reviews the recent progresses in the field particularly focusing on the characterization challenges encountered when the nature of the solid-state form must be determined. The aim of this article is to offer the state-of-the-art on this subject in order to develop new insights and to promote cooperative efforts in the fascinating field of API salt and cocrystal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele R Chierotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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7
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Romasanta AKS, Braga D, Duarte MT, Grepioni F. How similar is similar? Exploring the binary and ternary solid solution landscapes of p-methyl/chloro/bromo-benzyl alcohols. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Thipparaboina R, Kumar D, Chavan RB, Shastri NR. Multidrug co-crystals: towards the development of effective therapeutic hybrids. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:481-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Maini L, Braga D, Grepioni F, Lampronti GI, Gaglioti K, Gobetto R, Chierotti MR. From isomorphous to “anisomorphous” ionic co-crystals of barbituric acid upon dehydration and return. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00566g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Domingos S, André V, Quaresma S, Martins ICB, Minas da Piedade MF, Duarte MT. New forms of old drugs: improving without changing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:830-46. [PMID: 25648101 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In a short approach, we want to present the improvements that have recently been done in the world of new solid forms of known active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The different strategies will be addressed, and successful examples will be given. KEY FINDINGS This overview presents a possible step to overcome the 10-15 years of hard work involved in launching a new drug in the market: the use of new forms of well-known APIs, and improve their efficiency by enhancing their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. It discusses some of the latest progresses. SUMMARY We want to present, in a brief overview, what recently has been done to improve the discovery of innovative methods of using well-known APIs, and improve their efficiency. Multicomponent crystal forms have shown to be the most promising achievements to accomplish these aims, by altering API physico-chemical properties, such as solubility, thermal stability, shelf life, dissolution rate and compressibility. API-ionic liquids (ILs) and their advantages will be briefly referred. An outline of what has recently been achieved in metal drug coordination and in drug storage and delivery using bio-inspired metal-organic frameworks (BioMOFs) will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Domingos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vânia André
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centre for research in ceramics and composite materials (CICECO), Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Quaresma
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês C B Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Minas da Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Duarte
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Delori A, Maclure P, Bhardwaj RM, Johnston A, Florence AJ, Sutcliffe OB, Oswald IDH. Drug solid solutions – a method for tuning phase transformations. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuning phase transformation temperatures through the use of solid solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Delori
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK G4 0RE
| | - Pauline Maclure
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK G4 0RE
| | - Rajni M. Bhardwaj
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK G4 0RE
| | - Andrea Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK G4 0RE
| | - Alastair J. Florence
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK G4 0RE
| | - Oliver B. Sutcliffe
- School of Science and the Environment
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester, UK M1 5GD
| | - Iain D. H. Oswald
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK G4 0RE
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12
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Grepioni F, Wouters J, Braga D, Nanna S, Fours B, Coquerel G, Longfils G, Rome S, Aerts L, Quéré L. Ionic co-crystals of racetams: solid-state properties enhancement of neutral active pharmaceutical ingredients via addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ chlorides. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Smith AJ, Kim SH, Tan J, Sneed KB, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV, Shytle RD. Plasma and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Previously Unexplored Lithium Salts. RSC Adv 2014; 4:12362-12365. [PMID: 25045517 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46962j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its narrow therapeutic window, lithium is still regarded as the gold standard comparator and benchmark treatment for mania. Recent attempts to find new drugs with similar therapeutic activities have yielded new chemical entities. However, these potential new drugs have yet to match the many bioactivities attributable to lithium's efficacy for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Consequently, an intense effort for re-engineering lithium therapeutics using crystal engineering is currently underway. We sought to improve the likelihood of success of these endeavors by evaluating the pharmacokinetics of previously unexplored lithium salts with organic anions (lithium salicylate and lithium lactate). We report that these lithium salts exhibit profoundly different pharmacokinetics compared to the more common FDA approved salt, lithium carbonate, in rats. Remarkably, lithium salicylate produced elevated plasma and brain levels of lithium beyond 48 hours post-dose without the sharp peak that contributes to the toxicity problems of current lithium therapeutics. These findings could be important for the development of the next generation of lithium therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Smith
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Seol-Hee Kim
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Kevin B Sneed
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - R Douglas Shytle
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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Aakeröy CB, Forbes S, Desper J. Altering physical properties of pharmaceutical co-crystals in a systematic manner. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00206g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systematic structure–property studies on a series of co-crystals of potential cancer drugs with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safiyyah Forbes
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan, USA
| | - John Desper
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan, USA
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Smith AJ, Kim SH, Duggirala NK, Jin J, Wojtas L, Ehrhart J, Giunta B, Tan J, Zaworotko MJ, Shytle RD. Improving lithium therapeutics by crystal engineering of novel ionic cocrystals. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4728-38. [PMID: 24191685 PMCID: PMC3850245 DOI: 10.1021/mp400571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved lithium salts are plagued with a narrow therapeutic window. Recent attempts to find alternative drugs have identified new chemical entities, but lithium's polypharmacological mechanisms for treating neuropsychiatric disorders are highly debated and are not yet matched. Thus, re-engineering current lithium solid forms in order to optimize performance represents a low cost and low risk approach to the desired therapeutic outcome. In this contribution, we employed a crystal engineering strategy to synthesize the first ionic cocrystals (ICCs) of lithium salts with organic anions. We are unaware of any previous studies that have assessed the biological efficacy of any ICCs, and encouragingly we found that the new speciation did not negatively affect established bioactivities of lithium. We also observed that lithium ICCs exhibit modulated pharmacokinetics compared to lithium carbonate. Indeed, the studies detailed herein represent an important advancement in a crystal engineering approach to a new generation of lithium therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Smith
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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