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Hrahsheh F, Wilemski G. Effects of molecular size and orientation on the interfacial properties and wetting behavior of water/ n-alkane systems: a molecular-dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5808-5816. [PMID: 36744733 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) are performed to study the interfacial structure/tension and wetting behavior of water/n-alkane systems (water/nC5 to water/nC16 where nCx = CxH(2x + 2)). In particular, we study complete-to-partial wetting transitions by changing the n-alkane chain length (NC) at a constant temperature, T = 295 K. Simulations are carried out with a united-atom TraPPE model for n-alkanes and the TIP4P-2005 model of water. Simulation results are in excellent agreement with the initial spreading coefficients and contact angles calculated using experimental values of the surface and interfacial tensions. In addition, it has been determined that water/(nC5-nC7) and water/(nC8-nC16), respectively, exhibit complete and partial initial wetting modes. Simulations show that the interfacial structures of water/(nC5-nC7) are different from water/(nC8-nC16) systems. In the latter, water preferentially orients near the interface to increase the number of hydrogen bonds and the charge and mass densities. Moreover, the orientation of n-alkane molecules at water/(nC8-nC16) interfaces has a long-range persistence, resulting in layered structures that increase with NC. In addition, simulation results of the orientational order parameter Sz show alignment behavior of the n-alkane molecules with respect to the interfaces. Simulations predict that the central segments of n-alkane are strongly packed in the interfaces while the end segments (methyl groups) form smaller peaks in the outer edge of the layer. This observation confirms the "horseshoe" or "C-shaped" structure of n-alkane molecules in the water/n-alkane interfaces. At constant temperature, the interface widths of both water and the n-alkanes decrease with increasing n-alkane molecular length. These results suggest that increasing the n-alkane chain length affects the water/n-alkane interfacial properties in a manner similar to that of cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Hrahsheh
- Higher Colleges of Technology, ETS, MZWC, Abu Dhabi, 58855, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Gerald Wilemski
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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2
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Guo D, Zhang P, Cao X, Liu Y, Cao H, Bian J. Effect of temperature on heavy hydrocarbon crystallization in natural gas. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Effect of Planar Interfaces on Nucleation in Melting and Crystallization. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24081029. [PMID: 35893008 PMCID: PMC9394313 DOI: 10.3390/e24081029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of planar interfaces on nucleation (namely, on the work of critical cluster formation and their shape) is studied both for crystallization and melting. Advancing an approach formulated about 150 years ago by J. W. Gibbs for liquid phase formation at planar liquid−liquid interfaces, we show that nucleation of liquids in the crystal at crystal−vapor planar interfaces proceeds as a rule with a much higher rate compared to nucleation in the bulk of the crystal. Provided the surface tensions crystal−liquid (σcl), liquid−vapor (σlv), and crystal−vapor (σcv) obey the condition σcv=σcl+σlv, the work of critical cluster formation tends to zero; in the range σcv<σcl+σlv, it is less than one half of the work of critical cluster formation for bulk nucleation. The existence of a liquid−vapor planar interface modifies the work of critical cluster formation in crystal nucleation in liquids to a much less significant degree. The work of critical crystal cluster formation is larger than one half of the bulk value of the work of critical cluster formation, reaching this limit at σcv=σcl+σlv. The shape of the critical clusters can be described in both cases by spherical caps with a radius, R, and a width parameter, h. This parameter, h, is the distance from the cutting plane (coinciding with the crystal−vapor and liquid−vapor planar interface, respectively) to the top of the spherical cap. It varies for nucleation of a liquid in a crystal in the range (h/R)≤1 and for crystal nucleation in a liquid in the range 2≥(h/R)≥1. At σcv=σcl+σlv, the ratio (h/R) of the critical cluster for nucleation in melting tends to zero ((h/R)→0). At the same condition, the critical crystallite has the shape of a sphere located tangentially to the liquid−vapor interface inside the liquid ((h/R)≅2). We present experimental data which confirm the results of the theoretical analysis, and potential further developments of the theoretical approach developed here are anticipated.
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Sun T, Wyslouzil BE. Freezing of Dilute Aqueous-Alcohol Nanodroplets: The Effect of Molecular Structure. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12329-12343. [PMID: 34709826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigate vapor-liquid nucleation and subsequent freezing of aqueous-alcohol nanodroplets containing 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and their 3-isomers. The aerosols are produced in a supersonic nozzle, where condensation and freezing are characterized by static pressure and Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. At fixed water concentrations, the presence of alcohol enables particle formation at higher temperatures since both the equilibrium vapor pressure above the critical clusters and the cluster interfacial free energy are decreased relative to the pure water case. The disappearance of a small free OH peak, observed for pure water droplets, when alcohols are added and shifts in the CH peaks as a function of alcohol chain length reveal varying surface partitioning preferences of the alcohols. Changes in the FTIR spectra during freezing, as well as changes in the ice component derived from self-modeling curve resolution analysis, show that 1-hexanol and 1-pentanol perturb freezing less than their branched isomers do. This behavior may reflect the molecular footprints of the alcohols, the available surface area of the droplets, and not only alcohol solubility. The presence of alcohols also lowers the freezing temperature relative to that of pure water, but when there is clear evidence for the formation of ice, the ice nucleation rates change by less than a factor of ∼2-3 for all cases studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Barbara E Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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5
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Neupane P, Wilemski G. Molecular dynamics study of wetting of alkanes on water: from high temperature to the supercooled region and the influence of second inflection points of interfacial tensions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14465-14476. [PMID: 34184020 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the wetting behavior of alkanes on bulk water interfaces, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for united-atom PYS alkane models, and for SPC/E and TIP4P/2005 water models over a wide temperature range. The MD results at each temperature were used to find (1) the surface tension of the alkanes (octane, nonane) and water, and (2) the interfacial tensions of the alkane-water systems. These quantities were then used to calculate the spreading coefficient (S) and contact angle (θc) for each alkane on water. At higher temperatures, the contact angle of octane and nonane on water is found to behave in accord with conventional expectations, i.e., it decreases with increasing temperature for both water models as each system approaches the usual high-temperature transition to perfect wetting. At lower temperatures, we found an unusual temperature dependence of S and θc for each PYS alkane on SPC/E water. In contrast to conventional expectations, θc decreases with a decrease in the temperature. For octane-SPC/E water, this unusual behavior of θc occurs due to the presence of second inflection points (SIP) in the vapor-water and the octane-water interfacial tensions, whereas the SIP effect is much less important for the nonane-water system. The unusual temperature dependence of θc observed for nonane on SPC/E water is also found for nonane on TIP4P/2005 water. On the other hand, such unusual wetting behavior has not been observed in the PYS octane-TIP4P/2005 water system, except possibly for the two lowest temperatures studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauf Neupane
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | - Gerald Wilemski
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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6
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Modak VP, Wyslouzil BE, Singer SJ. Mechanism of surface freezing of alkanes. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224501. [PMID: 33317286 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulation of octane (C8) and nonadecane (C19), we probe the mechanism of n-alkane surface freezing, the appearance of a crystalline monolayer above the liquid at a temperature Tsf above the bulk freezing point Tf. Formation of a crystalline monolayer occurs robustly in these systems. When Tf > Tsf, the surface frozen phase is metastable with respect to the solid but persists for long periods for study in simulations. Surface freezing of both C8 and C19 is driven by significant energy-lowering when alkane chains become ordered along the surface normal, and we elucidate the origins of this phenomenon. The degree of configurational disorder in the surface frozen layer relative to the solid is much larger for C8 compared to C19. From the Gibbsian viewpoint, we extract the excess energy and entropy of the liquid and surface frozen phases. We also consider the surface frozen layer as an intervening third phase, the viewpoint taken in previous theoretical analyses. Here, we find significantly increased entropy of the surface frozen phase of C8 associated with configurational disorder, while the energy and entropy of the surface frozen phase of C19 are marginally different from the bulk solid. Finally, by combining our previously determined solid-vapor surface free energies of C8 and C19 with liquid-vapor surface tensions from this work, we eliminate wetting as a possible mechanism for C8 surface freezing, but it remains a possibility for C19. We analyze the molecular structure of the liquid, surface frozen, and solid surfaces and discuss its relevance to thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj P Modak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Barbara E Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sherwin J Singer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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7
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Mahmud G, Zhang H, Douglas JF. Localization model description of the interfacial dynamics of crystalline Cu and Cu 64Zr 36 metallic glass films. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:124508. [PMID: 33003746 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of structural relaxation in Cu-Zr metallic glass materials having a range of compositions and over a wide range of temperatures and in crystalline UO2 under superionic conditions have indicated that the localization model (LM) can predict the structural relaxation time τα of these materials from the intermediate scattering function without any free parameters from the particle mean square displacement ⟨r2⟩ at a caging time on the order of ps, i.e., the "Debye-Waller factor" (DWF). In the present work, we test whether this remarkable relation between the "fast" picosecond dynamics and the rate of structural relaxation τα in these model amorphous and crystalline materials can be extended to the prediction of the local interfacial dynamics of model amorphous and crystalline films. Specifically, we simulate the free-standing amorphous Cu64Zr36 and crystalline Cu films and find that the LM provides an excellent parameter-free prediction for τα of the interfacial region. We also show that the Tammann temperature, defining the initial formation of a mobile interfacial layer, can be estimated precisely for both crystalline and glass-forming solid materials from the condition that the DWFs of the interfacial region and the material interior coincide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazi Mahmud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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8
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Xu D, Lu Y, Luo C. Pathway of orientational symmetry breaking in crystallization of short n-alkane droplets: A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084903. [PMID: 32872849 DOI: 10.1063/5.0016350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We carry out molecular dynamics simulations by using an all-atom model to study the nucleation and crystallization of n-alkane droplets under three-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional conditions. We focus on the development of orientational order of chains from a random state to a neatly ordered one. Two new methods, the map of symmetry breaking and the information entropy of chain orientations, are introduced to characterize the emerge and remelting phenomena of a primary nucleus at the early stage of crystallization. Stepwise nucleation, as well as the surface induced nucleation, of large droplets is observed. We elucidate the kinetic process of the formation of a primary nucleus and the rearrangement of every single molecule involved in a primary nucleus. We found that density fluctuation and orientational preordering are coupled together and occur simultaneously in nucleation. Our results show the pathway of orientational symmetry breaking in the crystallization of n-alkane droplets that are heuristic for the deeper understanding of the crystallization in more complex molecules such as polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Ogunronbi KE, Wyslouzil BE. Vapor-phase nucleation of n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane: Critical cluster properties. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:154307. [PMID: 31640360 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first and second nucleation theorems provide a way to determine the molecular content and excess internal energies of critical clusters, which rely solely on experimental nucleation rates measured at constant temperatures and supersaturations, respectively. Here, we report the size n* and excess internal energy Ex(n*) of n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane critical clusters when particles form under the highly supersaturated conditions present in supersonic expansions. In summary, critical clusters contain from ∼2 to ∼11 molecules and exhibit the expected increase in the critical cluster size with increasing temperature and decreasing supersaturation. Surprisingly, the n* values for all three alkanes appear to lie along a single line when plotted as a function of supersaturation. Within the framework of the capillarity approximation, the excess internal energies determined for the n-heptane critical clusters formed under the low temperature (∼150 K) conditions in our supersonic nozzle are reasonably consistent with those determined under higher temperature (∼250 K) conditions in the thermal diffusion cloud chamber by Rudek et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 4707 (1996)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde E Ogunronbi
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Barbara E Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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10
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Peng D, Jin Y, Fan XD, Yang JM, Zhai C. An effective experimental method and apparatus for unsteady water vapor condensation investigation in high speed expansion flow. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063101. [PMID: 31255013 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an effective experimental method and system for mechanism study of unsteady water vapor condensation encountered in high speed expansion flow. We proposed an experimental method and designed a simplified expansion system to fulfill the study. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and light sheet technique are integrated in the system to monitor the unsteady condensation process in a high speed expansion flow generated by the expansion system. Two near infrared water vapor absorption transitions (1395.0 nm and 1409.27 nm) and one near infrared methane absorption transition (1653.73 nm) are applied in the TDLAS measurement to measure the transient flow parameters during the condensation process. Using the experimental method, time dependent condensation processes are monitored with different expansion time scales. The light sheet results visually reveal the condensation phenomena during the expansion process, while TDLAS results quantitatively follow the condensation process. The experimental results are compared with computational fluid dynamics simulations and a good agreement between them is observed, which indicates that the presented experimental method and system is effective in investigating unsteady water vapor condensation in high speed expansion flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peng
- Department of Precise Machinery and Precise Instrument, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Jin
- Experiment Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - X D Fan
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - J M Yang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - C Zhai
- Experiment Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
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11
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Lippe M, Szczepaniak U, Hou GL, Chakrabarty S, Ferreiro JJ, Chasovskikh E, Signorell R. Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry of CO2 Clusters during Nucleation and Growth. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2426-2437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lippe
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Szczepaniak
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Satrajit Chakrabarty
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge J. Ferreiro
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Egor Chasovskikh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Park Y, Wyslouzil BE. CO 2 condensation onto alkanes: unconventional cases of heterogeneous nucleation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8295-8313. [PMID: 30946401 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The classical picture invoked for heterogeneous nucleation is frequently that of a liquid condensing onto an immiscible solid particle. Here, we examine heterogeneous nucleation of CO2 onto particles comprised of n-pentane or n-hexane under conditions where CO2 should be a solid and the seed particles may be liquid or solid. Although CO2 condensed under all but one of the six conditions investigated, these experiments do not easily fit into the framework of standard heterogeneous nucleation experiments. Rather they explore unconventional regimes of heterogeneous nucleation in which the state of the seed particle may both affect whether deposition can proceed, and, in turn, be influenced by the presence of the condensing species. The work complements the earlier work of Tanimura et al. [RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 105537-105550] that investigated CO2 condensation onto ice nanoparticles, by using seed particles comprised of non-polar compounds that form and freeze under conditions where CO2 is already supersaturated with respect to the solid ice. In some cases, the conditions for seed formation approach the limit of homogeneous CO2 nucleation. Vibrational spectroscopy measurements help pinpoint where CO2 starts to condense. Furthermore, these IR measurements suggest that the n-alkanes never freeze in the presence of CO2, even if the temperatures are well below those required for them to freeze when CO2 is absent. Over the temperature range 65 < T/K < 140, the conditions corresponding to the onset of CO2 heterogeneous nucleation on pre-existing seed particle almost all lie very close to the extrapolated vapor-liquid equilibrium line of CO2 for a broad range of seed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yensil Park
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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13
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Ogunronbi KE, Sepehri A, Chen B, Wyslouzil BE. Vapor phase nucleation of the short-chain n-alkanes (n-pentane, n-hexane and n-heptane): Experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:144312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde E. Ogunronbi
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Aliasghar Sepehri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - Barbara E. Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Amaya
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Barbara E. Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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15
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Amaya AJ, Pathak H, Modak VP, Laksmono H, Loh ND, Sellberg JA, Sierra RG, McQueen TA, Hayes MJ, Williams GJ, Messerschmidt M, Boutet S, Bogan MJ, Nilsson A, Stan CA, Wyslouzil BE. How Cubic Can Ice Be? J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3216-3222. [PMID: 28657757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using an X-ray laser, we investigated the crystal structure of ice formed by homogeneous ice nucleation in deeply supercooled water nanodrops (r ≈ 10 nm) at ∼225 K. The nanodrops were formed by condensation of vapor in a supersonic nozzle, and the ice was probed within 100 μs of freezing using femtosecond wide-angle X-ray scattering at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron X-ray laser. The X-ray diffraction spectra indicate that this ice has a metastable, predominantly cubic structure; the shape of the first ice diffraction peak suggests stacking-disordered ice with a cubicity value, χ, in the range of 0.78 ± 0.05. The cubicity value determined here is higher than those determined in experiments with micron-sized drops but comparable to those found in molecular dynamics simulations. The high cubicity is most likely caused by the extremely low freezing temperatures and by the rapid freezing, which occurs on a ∼1 μs time scale in single nanodroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Amaya
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Harshad Pathak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Viraj P Modak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hartawan Laksmono
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - N Duane Loh
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557
| | - Jonas A Sellberg
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science & Catalysis, SLAC National Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Trevor A McQueen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science & Catalysis, SLAC National Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matt J Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- National Science Foundation BioXFEL Science and Technology Center , Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael J Bogan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Claudiu A Stan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Barbara E Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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16
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Strength of Alkane–Fluid Attraction Determines the Interfacial Orientation of Liquid Alkanes and Their Crystallization through Heterogeneous or Homogeneous Mechanisms. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Modak VP, Amaya AJ, Wyslouzil BE. Freezing of supercooledn-decane nanodroplets: from surface driven to frustrated crystallization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30181-30194. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decane condenses to form nanodroplets that freeze from the outside in, until it's so cold that fractal like frustrated crystals form instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj P. Modak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- Ohio 43210
- USA
| | - Andrew J. Amaya
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- Ohio 43210
- USA
| | - Barbara E. Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- Ohio 43210
- USA
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18
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Wyslouzil BE, Wölk J. Overview: Homogeneous nucleation from the vapor phase—The experimental science. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:211702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E. Wyslouzil
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Judith Wölk
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität zu Köln, Luxemburger Str. 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
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19
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Modak VP, Wyslouzil BE, Singer SJ. On the determination of the crystal-vapor surface free energy, and why a Gaussian expression can be accurate for a system far from Gaussian. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:054710. [PMID: 27497575 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal-vapor surface free energy γ is an important physical parameter governing physical processes, such as wetting and adhesion. We explore exact and approximate routes to calculate γ based on cleaving an intact crystal into non-interacting sub-systems with crystal-vapor interfaces. We do this by turning off the interactions, ΔV, between the sub-systems. Using the soft-core scheme for turning off ΔV, we find that the free energy varies smoothly with the coupling parameter λ, and a single thermodynamic integration yields the exact γ. We generate another exact method, and a cumulant expansion for γ by expressing the surface free energy in terms of an average of e(-βΔV) in the intact crystal. The second cumulant, or Gaussian approximation for γ is surprisingly accurate in most situations, even though we find that the underlying probability distribution for ΔV is clearly not Gaussian. We account for this fact by developing a non-Gaussian theory for γ and find that the difference between the non-Gaussian and Gaussian expressions for γ consist of terms that are negligible in many situations. Exact and approximate methods are applied to the (111) surface of a Lennard-Jones crystal and are also tested for more complex molecular solids, the surface of octane and nonadecane. Alkane surfaces were chosen for study because their crystal-vapor surface free energy has been of particular interest for understanding surface freezing in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj P Modak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Barbara E Wyslouzil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sherwin J Singer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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20
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Lu JW, Isenor M, Chasovskikh E, Stapfer D, Signorell R. Low-temperature Bessel beam trap for single submicrometer aerosol particle studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:095107. [PMID: 25273772 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new instrument for single aerosol particle studies at low temperatures that combines an optical trap consisting of two counter-propagating Bessel beams (CPBBs) and temperature control down to 223 K (-50 °C). The apparatus is capable of capturing and stably trapping individual submicrometer- to micrometer-sized aerosol particles for up to several hours. First results from studies of hexadecane, dodecane, and water aerosols reveal that we can trap and freeze supercooled droplets ranging in size from ~450 nm to 5500 nm (radius). We have conducted homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing experiments, freezing-melting cycles, and evaporation studies. To our knowledge, this is the first reported observation of the freezing process for levitated single submicrometer-sized droplets in air using optical trapping techniques. These results show that a temperature-controlled CPBB trap is an attractive new method for studying phase transitions of individual submicrometer aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Lu
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Merrill Isenor
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Egor Chasovskikh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Stapfer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Lüttschwager NOB, Suhm MA. Stretching and folding of 2-nanometer hydrocarbon rods. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:4885-4901. [PMID: 24866111 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Linear alkanes CnH2n+2 in vacuum isolation are finite models for an infinite polyethylene chain. Using spontaneous Raman scattering in supersonic jet expansions for n = 13-21 in different spectral ranges, we determine the minimal chain length nh for the cohesion-driven folding of the preferred extended all-trans conformation into a hairpin structure. We treat fully stretched all-trans alkanes as molecular "nanorods" and derive Young's modulus E for the stretching of an isolated single-strand polyethylene fibre by extrapolating the longitudinal acoustic mode to infinite chain length. Two key quality parameters for accurate intra- and intermolecular force fields of hydrocarbons (nh = 18 ± 1, E = 305 ± 5 GPa) are thus derived with high accuracy from experimental spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O B Lüttschwager
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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22
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Pathak H, Obeidat A, Wilemski G, Wyslouzil B. The structure of D2O-nonane nanodroplets. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:224318. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4881423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Pathak H, Wölk J, Strey R, Wyslouzil BE. Co-condensation of nonane and D2O in a supersonic nozzle. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4861052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
We show using a minimalistic theoretical framework that phase transition decoupling in lipid bilayers is caused by a nonuniform stress profile due to an asymmetric distribution of lipids between the two leaflets. Applying this framework to vesicles, we demonstrate that their anomalous freezing is also caused by a stress asymmetry, but that this is due to lipid tail extension on freezing. Finally, we predict a previously unknown dependence of surface tension on temperature, find the phenomenon also in coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations, and suggest that it might have relevance in thermosensitive protein gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Lamberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Lang EK, Knox KJ, Momose T, Signorell R. Infrared Spectroscopy and Phase Behavior of n-Butane Aerosols and Thin Films at Cryogenic Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11745-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402483m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Kathrin Lang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kerry J. Knox
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093
Zurich, Switzerland
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