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Qi X, Liu X, Gu Y, Liang P. Whole-cell biophotovoltaic systems for renewable energy generation: A systematic analysis of existing knowledge. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 158:108695. [PMID: 38531227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of carbon-neutral fuel sources is an essential step in addressing the global fossil energy crisis. Whole-cell biophotovoltaic systems (BPVs) are a renewable, non-polluting energy-generating device that utilizes oxygenic photosynthetic microbes (OPMs) to split water molecules and generate bioelectricity under the driving of light energy. Since 2006, BPVs have been widely studied, with the order magnitudes of power density increasing from 10-4 mW/m2 to 103 mW/m2. This review examines the extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanisms and regulation techniques of BPVs from biofilm to external environment. It is found that the EET of OPMs is mainly mediated by membrane proteins, with terminal oxidase limiting the power output. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Chlorella vulgaris are two species that produce high power density in BPVs. The use of metal nanoparticles mixing, 3D pillar array electrodes, microfluidic technology, and transient-state operation models can significantly enhance power density. Challenges and potential research directions are discussed, including a deeper analysis of EET mechanisms and dynamics, the development of modular devices, integration of multiple regulatory components, and the exploration of novel BPV technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xinning Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yuyi Gu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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2
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Cao TND, Wang T, Peng Y, Hsu HY, Mukhtar H, Yu CP. Photo-assisted microbial fuel cell systems: critical review of scientific rationale and recent advances in system development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:31-46. [PMID: 36424845 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2115874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have gained extensive attention due to their abilities to simultaneously treat wastewater and generate renewable energy resources. Recently, to boost the system performance, the photoelectrode has been incorporated into MFCs for effectively exploiting the synergistic interaction between light and microorganisms, and the resultant device is known as photo-assisted microbial fuel cells (photo-MFCs). Combined with the metabolic reaction of organic compounds by microorganisms, photo-MFCs are capable of simultaneously converting both chemical energy and light energy into electricity. This article aims to systematically review the recent advances in photo-MFCs, including the introduction of specific photosynthetic microorganisms used in photo-MFCs followed by the discussion of the fundamentals and configurations of photo-MFCs. Moreover, the materials used for photoelectrodes and their fabrication approaches are also explored. This review has shown that the innovative strategy of utilizing photoelectrodes in photo-MFCs is promising and further studies are warranted to strengthen the system stability under long-term operation for advancing practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc Dan Cao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - TsingHai Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chongli, Taiwan
| | - Yong Peng
- School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hussnain Mukhtar
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kuruvinashetti K, Rahimi S, Pakkiriswami S, Packirisamy M. Simple, Economical Methods for the Culture of Green Algae for Energy Harvesting from Photosynthesis in a Microfluidic Environment. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e322. [PMID: 34898042 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing technological advancements continually increase the demand for energy. Among various types of energy harvesting systems, biologically based systems have been an area of increasing interest for the past couple of decades. Such systems provide clean, safe power solutions, mainly for low- and ultra-low-power applications. The microphotosynthetic power cell (μPSC) is one such system that make use of photosynthetic living cells or organisms to generate power. For strong performance, μPSC technology, because of its interdisciplinary nature, requires optimal engineering of both electrochemical cell design and the culture conditions of the photosynthetic microorganisms. We present here a simple, economical culture method for the photosynthetic microorganism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii suitable for the application of this biologically based power system in any geographical location. This article provides a series of protocols for preparing materials and culture medium designed to facilitate the culture of a suitable C. reinhardtii strain even in a non-biological laboratory. Possible challenges and methods to overcome them are also discussed. Cultured C. reinhardtii perform sufficiently well that they have already been successfully utilized to generate power from a μPSC, generating a peak power of 200 μW from just 2 ml of exponential-phase algal culture in a μPSC with an active electrode surface area of 4.84 cm2 . The μPSC thus has potentially broad applications in low- and ultra-low-power devices and sensors. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Algal growth conditions and algal growth chamber fabrication Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of Tris-acetate-phosphate (TAP) nutrient medium Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of suspension algal culture from algal strain Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of stock culture plates (algal strain) from suspension algal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kuruvinashetti
- Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Soroush Rahimi
- Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shanmugasundaram Pakkiriswami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick (DMNB), Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Liu L, Choi S. Miniature microbial solar cells to power wireless sensor networks. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112970. [PMID: 33429201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) powered by traditional batteries or energy storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors have challenges providing long-term and self-sustaining operation due to their limited energy budgets. Emerging energy harvesting technologies can achieve the longstanding vision of self-powered, long-lived sensors. In particular, miniature microbial solar cells (MSCs) can be the most feasible power source for small and low-power sensor nodes in unattended working environments because they continuously scavenge power from microbial photosynthesis by using the most abundant resources on Earth; solar energy and water. Even with low illumination, the MSC can harvest electricity from microbial respiration. Despite the vast potential and promise of miniature MSCs, their power and lifetime remain insufficient to power potential WSN applications. In this overview, we will introduce the field of miniature MSCs, from early breakthroughs to current achievements, with a focus on emerging techniques to improve their performance. Finally, challenges and perspectives for the future direction of miniature MSCs to self-sustainably power WSN applications will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Bioelectronics & Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400, Vestal Pkwy East, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Seokheun Choi
- Bioelectronics & Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400, Vestal Pkwy East, Binghamton, NY, USA; Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies & Environmental Sustainability, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400, Vestal Pkwy East, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Okedi TI, Fisher AC, Yunus K. Quantitative analysis of the effects of morphological changes on extracellular electron transfer rates in cyanobacteria. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:150. [PMID: 32863880 PMCID: PMC7449014 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the extracellular electron transport pathways in cyanobacteria is a major factor towards developing biophotovoltaics. Stressing cyanobacteria cells environmentally and then probing changes in physiology or metabolism following a significant change in electron transfer rates is a common approach for investigating the electron path from cell to electrode. However, such studies have not explored how the cells' concurrent morphological adaptations to the applied stresses affect electron transfer rates. In this paper, we establish a ratio to quantify this effect in mediated systems and apply it to Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC7942 cells grown under different nutritional regimes. RESULTS The results provide evidence that wider and longer cells with larger surface areas have faster mediated electron transfer rates. For rod-shaped cells, increase in cell area as a result of cell elongation more than compensates for the associated decline in mass transfer coefficients, resulting in faster electron transfer. In addition, the results demonstrate that the extent to which morphological adaptations account for the changes in electron transfer rates changes over the bacterial growth cycle, such that investigations probing physiological and metabolic changes are meaningful only at certain time periods. CONCLUSION A simple ratio for quantitatively evaluating the effects of cell morphology adaptations on electron transfer rates has been defined. Furthermore, the study points to engineering cell shape, either via environmental conditioning or genetic engineering, as a potential strategy for improving the performance of biophotovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonny I. Okedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Phillipa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
| | - Adrian C. Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Phillipa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
- Cambridge Center for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), 1 Create Way, #05-05 CREATE Tower, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Kamran Yunus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Phillipa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
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Beauzamy L, Delacotte J, Bailleul B, Tanaka K, Nakanishi S, Wollman FA, Lemaître F. Mediator-Microorganism Interaction in Microbial Solar Cell: a Fluo-Electrochemical Insight. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7532-7539. [PMID: 32352279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial solar cells that mainly rely on the use of photosynthesic organisms are a promising alternative to photovoltaics for solar electricity production. In that way, we propose a new approach involving electrochemistry and fluorescence techniques. The coupled setup Electro-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation ("e-PAM") enables the simultaneous recording of the produced photocurrent and fluorescence signals from the photosynthetic chain. This methodology was validated with a suspension of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in interaction with an exogenous redox mediator (2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone; DCBQ). The balance between photosynthetic chain events (PSII photochemical yield, quenching) and the extracted electricity can be monitored overtime. More particularly, the nonphotochemical quenching induced by DCBQ mirrors the photocurrent. This setup thus helps to distinguish the electron harvesting from some side effects due to quinones in real time. It therefore paves the way for future analyses devoted to the choice of the experimental conditions (redox mediator, photosynthetic organisms, and so on) to find the best electron extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Beauzamy
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR7141 Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Micro-Algues, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bailleul
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR7141 Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Micro-Algues, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Francis-André Wollman
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR7141 Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Micro-Algues, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Wey LT, Bombelli P, Chen X, Lawrence JM, Rabideau CM, Rowden SJL, Zhang JZ, Howe CJ. The Development of Biophotovoltaic Systems for Power Generation and Biological Analysis. ChemElectroChem 2019; 6:5375-5386. [PMID: 31867153 PMCID: PMC6899825 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biophotovoltaic systems (BPVs) resemble microbial fuel cells, but utilise oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms associated with an anode to generate an extracellular electrical current, which is stimulated by illumination. Study and exploitation of BPVs have come a long way over the last few decades, having benefited from several generations of electrode development and improvements in wiring schemes. Power densities of up to 0.5 W m-2 and the powering of small electrical devices such as a digital clock have been reported. Improvements in standardisation have meant that this biophotoelectrochemical phenomenon can be further exploited to address biological questions relating to the organisms. Here, we aim to provide both biologists and electrochemists with a review of the progress of BPV development with a focus on biological materials, electrode design and interfacial wiring considerations, and propose steps for driving the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T. Wey
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Paolo Bombelli
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB1 2EWUK
| | - Joshua M. Lawrence
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Clayton M. Rabideau
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett DrCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Stephen J. L. Rowden
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Jenny Z. Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB1 2EWUK
| | - Christopher J. Howe
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
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8
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Microalgae at niches of bioelectrochemical systems: A new platform for sustainable energy production coupled industrial effluent treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Chouler J, Monti MD, Morgan WJ, Cameron PJ, Di Lorenzo M. A photosynthetic toxicity biosensor for water. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Tschörtner J, Lai B, Krömer JO. Biophotovoltaics: Green Power Generation From Sunlight and Water. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:866. [PMID: 31114551 PMCID: PMC6503001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophotovoltaics is a relatively new discipline in microbial fuel cell research. The basic idea is the conversion of light energy into electrical energy using photosynthetic microorganisms. The microbes will use their photosynthetic apparatus and the incoming light to split the water molecule. The generated protons and electrons are harvested using a bioelectrochemical system. The key challenge is the extraction of electrons from the microbial electron transport chains into a solid-state anode. On the cathode, a corresponding electrochemical counter reaction will consume the protons and electrons, e.g., through the oxygen reduction to water, or hydrogen formation. In this review, we are aiming to summarize the current state of the art and point out some limitations. We put a specific emphasis on cyanobacteria, as these microbes are considered future workhorses for photobiotechnology and are currently the most widely applied microbes in biophotovoltaics research. Current progress in biophotovoltaics is limited by very low current outputs of the devices while a lack of comparability and standardization of the experimental set-up hinders a systematic optimization of the systems. Nevertheless, the fundamental questions of redox homeostasis in photoautotrophs and the potential to directly harvest light energy from a highly efficient photosystem, rather than through oxidation of inefficiently produced biomass are highly relevant aspects of biophotovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens O. Krömer
- Systems Biotechnology, Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Li J, Hu J, Yang C, Pu W, Hou H, Xu J, Liu B, Yang J. Enhanced detection of toxicity in wastewater using a 2D smooth anode based microbial fuel cell toxicity sensor. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8700-8706. [PMID: 35518652 PMCID: PMC9061729 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the biological recognition element of microbial fuel cell (MFC) toxicity "shock" sensors, the electrode biofilm is perceived to be the crucial issue that determines the sensing performance. A carbon felt and indium tin oxide (ITO) film anode were utilized to examine the effects of anodic biofilm microstructure on MFC toxicity sensor performance, with Pb2+ as the target toxicant. The carbon felt anode based MFC (CF-MFC) established a linear relationship of Pb2+ concentration (C Pb2+ ) vs. voltage inhibition ratio (IR2h) at a C Pb2+ range of 0.1 mg L-1 to 1.2 mg L-1. The highest IR2h was only 38% for CF-MFC. An ITO anode based MFC (ITO-MFC) also revealed a linear relationship between C Pb2+ and IR2h at C Pb2+ of 0.1 mg L-1 to 1.5 mg L-1 but better sensing sensitivity compared with the CF-MFC. The IR2h of ITO-MFC gradually approached 100% as C Pb2+ further increased. The enhanced sensing sensitivity for the ITO anode possibly originated from the thin biofilm that resulted in the efficient exposure of exoelectrogens to Pb2+. The employment of 2D conductive metal oxide with a smooth surface as the anode was able to increase the MFC sensing reliability in real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Changzhu Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Wenhong Pu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Jikun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-87792101 +86-27-87793948
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
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12
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Ng FL, Phang SM, Periasamy V, Yunus K, Fisher AC. Enhancement of Power Output by using Alginate Immobilized Algae in Biophotovoltaic Devices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16237. [PMID: 29176639 PMCID: PMC5701143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time a photosynthetically active algae immobilized in alginate gel within a fuel cell design for generation of bioelectricity. The algal-alginate biofilm was utilized within a biophotovoltaics (BPV) device developed for direct bioelectricity generation from photosynthesis. A peak power output of 0.289 mWm-2 with an increase of 18% in power output compared to conventional suspension culture BPV device was observed. The increase in maximum power density was correlated to the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRm). The semi-dry type of photosynthetically active biofilm proposed in this work may offer significantly improved performances in terms of fuel cell design, bioelectricity generation, oxygen production and CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Lee Ng
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Vengadesh Periasamy
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamran Yunus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philipa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philipa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Liu L, Choi S. Self-sustainable, high-power-density bio-solar cells for lab-on-a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3817-3825. [PMID: 28990602 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00941k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic lab-on-a-chip system that generates its own power is essential for stand-alone, independent, self-sustainable point-of-care diagnostic devices to work in limited-resource and remote regions. Miniaturized biological solar cells (or micro-BSCs) can be the most suitable power source for those lab-on-a-chip applications because the technique resembles the earth's natural ecosystem - living organisms work in conjunction with non-living components of their environment to create a self-assembling and self-maintaining system. Micro-BSCs can continuously generate electricity from microbial photosynthetic and respiratory activities over day-night cycles, offering a clean and renewable power source with self-sustaining potential. However, the promise of this technology has not been translated into practical applications because of its relatively low power (∼nW cm-2) and current short lifetimes (∼a couple of hours). In this work, we enabled high-performance, self-sustaining, long-life micro-BSCs by using fundamental breakthroughs of device architectures and electrode materials. A 3-D biocompatible, conductive, and porous anode demonstrated great microbial biofilm formation and a high rate of bacterial extracellular electron transfer, which led to greater power generation. Furthermore, our micro-BSCs promoted gas exchange to the bacteria through a gas-permeable PDMS membrane in a well-controlled, tightly enclosed micro-chamber, substantially enhancing sustainability. Through photosynthetic reactions of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 without additional organic fuel, the 90 μL single-chambered bio-solar cell generated a maximum power density of 43.8 μW cm-2 and sustained consistent power production of ∼18.6 μW cm-2 during the day and ∼11.4 μW cm-2 at night for 20 days, which is the highest and longest reported success of any existing micro-scale bio-solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Bioelectronics & Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, State University of New York-Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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14
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Reshma L, Chaitanyakumar A, Aditya A, Ramaraj B, Santhakumar K. Modeling of microfluidic bio-solar cell using microalgae through multiphysics platform: A greener approach en route for energy production. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Schuergers N, Werlang C, Ajo-Franklin CM, Boghossian AA. A Synthetic Biology Approach to Engineering Living Photovoltaics. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2017; 10:1102-1115. [PMID: 28694844 PMCID: PMC5501249 DOI: 10.1039/c7ee00282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to electronically interface living cells with electron accepting scaffolds is crucial for the development of next-generation biophotovoltaic technologies. Although recent studies have focused on engineering synthetic interfaces that can maximize electronic communication between the cell and scaffold, the efficiency of such devices is limited by the low conductivity of the cell membrane. This review provides a materials science perspective on applying a complementary, synthetic biology approach to engineering membrane-electrode interfaces. It focuses on the technical challenges behind the introduction of foreign extracellular electron transfer pathways in bacterial host cells and the past and future efforts to engineer photosynthetic organisms with artificial electron-export capabilities for biophotovoltaic applications. The article highlights advances in engineering protein-based, electron-exporting conduits in a model host organism, E. coli, before reviewing state-of-the-art biophotovoltaic technologies that use both unmodified and bioengineered photosynthetic bacteria with improved electron transport capabilities. A thermodynamic analysis is used to propose an energetically feasible pathway for extracellular electron transport in engineered cyanobacteria and identify metabolic bottlenecks amenable to protein engineering techniques. Based on this analysis, an engineered photosynthetic organism expressing a foreign, protein-based electron conduit yields a maximum theoretical solar conversion efficiency of 6-10% without accounting for additional bioengineering optimizations for light-harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Schuergers
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Werlang
- Interschool Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. M. Ajo-Franklin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Synthetic Biology Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A. A. Boghossian
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Halan B, Tschörtner J, Schmid A. Generating Electric Current by Bioartificial Photosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 167:361-393. [PMID: 29224082 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abundant solar energy can be a sustainable source of energy. This chapter highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future scenarios in bioartificial photosynthesis, which is a new subset of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) and technologies. BES technologies exploit the catalytic interactions between biological moieties and electrodes. At the nexus of BES and photovoltaics, this review focuses on light-harvesting technologies based on bioartificial photosynthesis. Such technologies are promising because electrical energy is generated from sunlight and water without the need for additional organic feedstock. This review focuses on photosynthetic electron generation and transfer and compares the current status of bioartificial photosynthesis with other artificial systems that mimic the chemistry of photosynthetic energy transformation.The fundamental principles and the operation of functional units of bioartificial photosynthesis are addressed. Selected photobioelectrochemical systems employed to obtain light-driven electric currents from photosynthetic organisms are presented. The achievable current output and theoretical maxima are revisited by conceptualizing operational and process window techniques. Factors affecting overall photocurrent efficiency, performance limitations, and scaleup bottlenecks are highlighted in view of enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of photobioelectrochemical systems. To finish, the challenges associated with bioartificial photosynthetic technologies are outlined. Graphical Abstract Operational window for (bio-)artificial photosynthesis. Green circle in the upper right corner: development objective for research and engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Halan
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jenny Tschörtner
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Hu X, Zhou J, Liu B. Effect of algal species and light intensity on the performance of an air-lift-type microbial carbon capture cell with an algae-assisted cathode. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of algal species (Chlorella vulgarisandChlorellasp.) and light intensity on the performance of air-lift-type microbial carbon capture cells (ALMCCs) was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environmental Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Jiti Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environmental Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Baojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environmental Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
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18
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Chabert N, Amin Ali O, Achouak W. All ecosystems potentially host electrogenic bacteria. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:88-96. [PMID: 26298511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Instead of requiring metal catalysts, MFCs utilize bacteria that oxidize organic matter and either transfer electrons to the anode or take electrons from the cathode. These devices are thus based on a wide microbial diversity that can convert a large array of organic matter components into sustainable and renewable energy. A wide variety of explored environments were found to host electrogenic bacteria, including extreme environments. In the present review, we describe how different ecosystems host electrogenic bacteria, as well as the physicochemical, electrochemical and biological parameters that control the currents from MFCs. We also report how using new molecular techniques allowed characterization of electrochemical biofilms and identification of potentially new electrogenic species. Finally we discuss these findings in the context of future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chabert
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere & Extreme Environment (LEMiRE), 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Oulfat Amin Ali
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere & Extreme Environment (LEMiRE), 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Wafa Achouak
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere & Extreme Environment (LEMiRE), 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France.
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Microscale microbial fuel cells: Advances and challenges. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:8-25. [PMID: 25703724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The next generation of sustainable energy could come from microorganisms; evidence that it can be seen with the given rise of Electromicrobiology, the study of microorganisms' electrical properties. Many recent advances in electromicrobiology stem from studying microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which are gaining acceptance as a future alternative "green" energy technology and energy-efficient wastewater treatment method. MFCs are powered by living microorganisms with clean and sustainable features; they efficiently catalyse the degradation of a broad range of organic substrates under natural conditions. There is also increasing interest in photosynthetic MFCs designed to harness Earth's most abundant and promising energy source (solar irradiation). Despite their vast potential and promise, however, MFCs and photosynthetic MFCs have not yet successfully translated into commercial applications because they demonstrate persistent performance limitations and bottlenecks associated with scaling up. Instead, microscale MFCs have received increasing attention as a unique platform for various applications such as powering small portable electronic elements in remote locations, performing fundamental studies of microorganisms, screening bacterial strains, and toxicity detection in water. Furthermore, the stacking of miniaturized MFCs has been demonstrated to offer larger power densities than a single macroscale MFC in terms of scaling up. In this overview, we discuss recent achievements in microscale MFCs as well as their potential applications. Further scientific and technological challenges are also reviewed.
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Lee H, Choi S. A micro-sized bio-solar cell for self-sustaining power generation. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:391-398. [PMID: 25367739 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-sustainable energy sources are essential for a wide array of wireless applications deployed in remote field locations. Due to their self-assembling and self-repairing properties, "biological solar (bio-solar) cells" are recently gaining attention for those applications. The bio-solar cell can continuously generate electricity from microbial photosynthetic and respiratory activities under day-night cycles. Despite the vast potential and promise of bio-solar cells, they, however, have not yet successfully been translated into commercial applications, as they possess persistent performance limitations and scale-up bottlenecks. Here, we report an entirely self-sustainable and scalable microliter-sized bio-solar cell with significant power enhancement by maximizing solar energy capture, bacterial attachment, and air bubble volume in well-controlled microchambers. The bio-solar cell has a ~300 μL single chamber defined by laser-machined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates and it uses an air cathode to allow freely available oxygen to act as an electron acceptor. We generated a maximum power density of 0.9 mW m(-2) through photosynthetic reactions of cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which is the highest power density among all micro-sized bio-solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankeun Lee
- Bioelectronics & Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, State University of New York-Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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21
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Ng FL, Jaafar MM, Phang SM, Chan Z, Salleh NA, Azmi SZ, Yunus K, Fisher AC, Periasamy V. Reduced graphene oxide anodes for potential application in algae biophotovoltaic platforms. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7562. [PMID: 25531093 PMCID: PMC4273602 DOI: 10.1038/srep07562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for renewable energy sources has become challenging in the current era, as conventional fuel sources are of finite origins. Recent research interest has focused on various biophotovoltaic (BPV) platforms utilizing algae, which are then used to harvest solar energy and generate electrical power. The majority of BPV platforms incorporate indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes for the purpose of charge transfer due to its inherent optical and electrical properties. However, other materials such as reduced graphene oxide (RGO) could provide higher efficiency due to their intrinsic electrical properties and biological compatibility. In this work, the performance of algae biofilms grown on RGO and ITO anodes were measured and discussed. Results indicate improved peak power of 0.1481 mWm−2 using the RGO electrode and an increase in efficiency of 119%, illustrating the potential of RGO as an anode material for applications in biofilm derived devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Lee Ng
- 1] Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur [2] Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Musoddiq Jaafar
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- 1] Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur [2] Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhijian Chan
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Nurul Anati Salleh
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Siti Zulfikriyah Azmi
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Kamran Yunus
- Centre of Research for Electrochemical, Science and Technology (CREST), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, CB4 3RA Cambridge
| | - Adrian C Fisher
- Centre of Research for Electrochemical, Science and Technology (CREST), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, CB4 3RA Cambridge
| | - Vengadesh Periasamy
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
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Ng FL, Phang SM, Periasamy V, Yunus K, Fisher AC. Evaluation of algal biofilms on indium tin oxide (ITO) for use in biophotovoltaic platforms based on photosynthetic performance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97643. [PMID: 24874081 PMCID: PMC4038552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis, a very small amount of the solar energy absorbed is transformed into chemical energy, while the rest is wasted as heat and fluorescence. This excess energy can be harvested through biophotovoltaic platforms to generate electrical energy. In this study, algal biofilms formed on ITO anodes were investigated for use in the algal biophotovoltaic platforms. Sixteen algal strains, comprising local isolates and two diatoms obtained from the Culture Collection of Marine Phytoplankton (CCMP), USA, were screened and eight were selected based on the growth rate, biochemical composition and photosynthesis performance using suspension cultures. Differences in biofilm formation between the eight algal strains as well as their rapid light curve (RLC) generated using a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer, were examined. The RLC provides detailed information on the saturation characteristics of electron transport and overall photosynthetic performance of the algae. Four algal strains, belonging to the Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) Synechococcus elongatus (UMACC 105), Spirulina platensis. (UMACC 159) and the Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris (UMACC 051), and Chlorella sp. (UMACC 313) were finally selected for investigation using biophotovoltaic platforms. Based on power output per Chl-a content, the algae can be ranked as follows: Synechococcus elongatus (UMACC 105) (6.38×10(-5) Wm(-2)/µgChl-a)>Chlorella vulgaris UMACC 051 (2.24×10(-5) Wm(-2)/µgChl-a)>Chlorella sp.(UMACC 313) (1.43×10(-5) Wm(-2)/µgChl-a)>Spirulina platensis (UMACC 159) (4.90×10(-6) Wm(-2)/µgChl-a). Our study showed that local algal strains have potential for use in biophotovoltaic platforms due to their high photosynthetic performance, ability to produce biofilm and generation of electrical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Lee Ng
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vengadesh Periasamy
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamran Yunus
- Centre of Research for Electrochemical, Science and Technology (CREST), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Fisher
- Centre of Research for Electrochemical, Science and Technology (CREST), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Hallenbeck PC, Grogger M, Veverka D. Recent Advances in Microbial Electrocatalysis. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-014-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Inglesby AE, Fisher AC. Downstream application of a microbial fuel cell for energy recovery from an Arthrospira maxima fed anaerobic digester effluent. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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