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Keramari V, Karastogianni S, Girousi S. New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:60. [PMID: 37489427 PMCID: PMC10366748 DOI: 10.3390/mps6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of toxic heavy metal ions, especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), is a global problem due to ongoing pollution incidents and continuous anthropogenic and industrial activities. Therefore, it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the levels of pollution from heavy metal ions in various media. Electrochemical techniques, more specifically voltammetry, due to its properties, is a promising method for the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions. This review examines the current trends related to electrode formation and analysis techniques used. In addition, there is a reference to advanced detection methods based on the nanoparticles that have been developed so far, as well as formation with bismuth and the emerging technique of screen-printed electrodes. Finally, the advantages of using these methods are highlighted, while a discussion is presented on the benefits arising from nanotechnology, as it gives researchers new ideas for integrating these technologies into devices that can be used anywhere at any time. Reference is also made to the speciation of metals and how it affects their toxicity, as it is an important subject of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Keramari
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sophia Karastogianni
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Girousi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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ISIDORE, a Probe for In Situ Trace Metal Speciation Based on the Donnan Membrane Technique and Electrochemical Detection Part 2: Cd and Pb Measurements during the Accumulation Time of the Donnan Membrane Technique. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020846. [PMID: 36677906 PMCID: PMC9866464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Donnan membrane technique (DMT), in which a synthetic or natural solution (the "donor") is separated from a ligand-free solution (the "acceptor") by a cation-exchange membrane, is a recognized technique for measuring the concentration of a free metal ion in situ, with coupling to electrochemical detection allowing for the quantification of the free metal ion directly on site. However, the use of the DMT requires waiting for the free metal ion equilibrium between the donor and the acceptor solution. In this paper, we investigated the possibility of using the kinetic information and showed that non-equilibrium experimental calibrations of Cd and Pb with the ISIDORE probe could be used to measure free metal concentrations under conditions of membrane-controlled diffusion transport. The application of this dynamic approach made it possible to successfully determine the concentration of free Cd in synthetic and natural river samples. Furthermore, it was found that the determination of free Cd from the slope was not affected by the Ca concentration ratio between the acceptor and donor solution, as opposed to the traditional approach based on Donnan equilibrium. This ISIDORE probe appears to be a promising tool for determining free metal ions in natural samples.
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Sanvito F, Monticelli D. Exploring bufferless iron speciation in seawater by Competitive Ligand Equilibration-Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry: Does pH control really matter? Talanta 2021; 229:122300. [PMID: 33838784 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron speciation in seawater is of the utmost importance as this element plays a central role in the regulation of primary productivity. Here we present the development of a CLE-CSV (Competitive Ligand Equilibration-Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry) procedure for iron speciation in seawater avoiding for the first time the use of the pH buffer (2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene is used as the added ligand, atmospheric oxygen as the catalytic enhancer and a 1 mL volume per sample aliquot). The unbuffered method was setup, validated by using known ligands and finally applied to the analysis of six seawater samples from the Ross Sea (Antarctica). The validation procedure demonstrated that ultratrace levels of ligands may be reliably determined and the application to seawater samples proved that the complex natural ligand pool can be detected with results undistinguishable from the ones obtained by the buffered procedure. The proposed method demonstrated a new principle in trace element speciation analysis by CLE-CSV, namely that the equilibration step may be performed at natural pH, whereas the pH may be set at its optimal value for sensitivity during analysis, thanks to the raise in pH at the electrode/solution interface caused by oxygen reduction. This change in paradigm paves the way to the investigation of iron speciation at natural pH in traditionally difficult samples that show circumneutral or slightly acidic pH values. The relevance of the here proposed approach to existing speciation procedures by CLE-CSV is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanvito
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - D Monticelli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy.
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Sánchez-Calvo A, Blanco-López MC, Costa-García A. Paper-Based Working Electrodes Coated with Mercury or Bismuth Films for Heavy Metals Determination. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10050052. [PMID: 32414133 PMCID: PMC7277893 DOI: 10.3390/bios10050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based carbon working electrodes were modified with mercury or bismuth films for the determination of trace metals in aqueous solutions. Both modification procedures were optimized in terms of selectivity and sensitivity for the determination of different heavy metals, aiming their simultaneous determination. Cd (II), Pb (II) and In (III) could be quantified with both films. However, Cu (II) could not be determined with bismuth films. The modification with mercury films led to the most sensitive method, with linear ranges between 0.1 and 10 µg/mL and limits of detection of 0.4, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.2 µg/mL for Cd (II), Pb (II), In (III) and Cu (II), respectively. Nevertheless, the bismuth film was a more sustainable alternative to mercury. Tap-water samples were analyzed for the determination of metals by standard addition methodology with good accuracy, by using a low-cost and easily disposable paper-based electrochemical platform. This system demonstrated its usefulness for monitoring heavy metals in water.
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Tehrani MH, Companys E, Dago A, Puy J, Galceran J. New methodology to measure low free indium (III) concentrations based on the determination of the lability degree of indium complexes. Assessment of In(OH)3 solubility product. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tehrani MH, Companys E, Dago A, Puy J, Galceran J. Free indium concentration determined with AGNES. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:269-275. [PMID: 28850847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indium is increasingly used in electronic devices, from which it can be mobilized towards environmental compartments. Speciation of In in waters is important for its direct ecotoxicological effects, as well as for the fate of this element in the environment (e.g. fluxes from or towards sediments). Free indium concentrations in the environment can be extremely low due to hydrolysis, especially important in trivalent cations, to precipitation and to complexation with different ligands. In this work, the free indium concentration (which is a toxicologically and geochemically relevant fraction) in aqueous solutions at pH3 has been measured with an adapted version of the electroanalytical technique AGNES (Absence of Gradients and Nernstian Equilibrium Stripping). Speciation measurements in mixtures of indium with the ligands NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) and oxalate indicate that the values of their stability constants in the NIST46.6 database are less adequate than those published in some more recent literature. The extraordinary lability and mobility of In-oxalate complexes allow the measuring of free indium concentrations below nmol/L in just 25s of deposition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan H Tehrani
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Encarna Companys
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Angela Dago
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Puy
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Galceran
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Laglera LM, Caprara S, Monticelli D. Towards a zero-blank, preconcentration-free voltammetric method for iron analysis at picomolar concentrations in unbuffered seawater. Talanta 2016; 150:449-54. [PMID: 26838429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method with negligible blank values for the determination of total iron at the ultratrace level in seawater has been optimized and validated exploring for the first time the performance and limitations of Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (AdCSV) in non-buffered solutions. The method is based on the CSV determination of the Fe-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) complex using atmospheric oxygen to catalytically enhance the signal via hydrogen peroxide formation at the electrode/solution interface. The accumulation of hydroxyl ions, the by-product of the hydrogen peroxide formation, increased the pH in the diffusion layer in the absence of buffer bringing it to 9, the optimum for the analytical performance of the method. Voltammograms in UV digested seawater showed no stability or reproducibility drawbacks. The negligible, lower than 5pM, blank level, is due to the simplicity of the procedure requiring no sample manipulation and a maximum of three reagents only, necessarily the ligand DHN and a base only for those samples previously acidified to raise the pH to circumneutral values (here HCl and NH3 according to common trace metals protocols). These reagents do not require cleaning before use, further simplifying the overall procedure. Analysis of seawater previously acidified at pH ~1.5 with HCl and neutralized with ammonia showed interferences due to the buffering properties of the NH3/NH4Cl couple and the transient formation of a volatile electroactive interference that can be easily removed by simply allowing a set time before analysis. In general, the proposed method features several advantages, including high sample throughput, an excellent limit of detection at 12pM, minimum sample handling (no preconcentration or change of matrix is required), cost effectiveness and mainly a negligible blank. The method was successfully validated using open ocean consensus samples (SAFe D2 and S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Laglera
- FI-TRACE, Departamento de Química, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Balearic Islands 07122, Spain.
| | - Salvatore Caprara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Damiano Monticelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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AGNES at vibrated gold microwire electrode for the direct quantification of free copper concentrations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 920:29-36. [PMID: 27114220 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The free metal ion concentration and the dynamic features of the metal species are recognized as key to predict metal bioavailability and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Quantification of the former is, however, still challenging. In this paper, it is shown for the first time that the concentration of free copper (Cu(2+)) can be quantified by applying AGNES (Absence of Gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping) at a solid gold electrode. It was found that: i) the amount of deposited Cu follows a Nernstian relationship with the applied deposition potential, and ii) the stripping signal is linearly related with the free metal ion concentration. The performance of AGNES at the vibrating gold microwire electrode (VGME) was assessed for two labile systems: Cu-malonic acid and Cu-iminodiacetic acid at ionic strength 0.01 M and a range of pH values from 4.0 to 6.0. The free Cu concentrations and conditional stability constants obtained by AGNES were in good agreement with stripping scanned voltammetry and thermodynamic theoretical predictions obtained by Visual MinteQ. This work highlights the suitability of gold electrodes for the quantification of free metal ion concentrations by AGNES. It also strongly suggests that other solid electrodes may be well appropriate for such task. This new application of AGNES is a first step towards a range of applications for a number of metals in speciation, toxicological and environmental studies for the direct determination of the key parameter that is the free metal ion concentration.
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Parat C, Pinheiro JP. ISIDORE, a probe for in situ trace metal speciation based on Donnan membrane technique with related electrochemical detection part 1: Equilibrium measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 896:1-10. [PMID: 26481984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the development of a new probe (ISIDORE probe) based on the hyphenation of a Donnan Membrane Technique device (DMT) to a screen-printed electrode through a flow-cell to determine the free zinc, cadmium and lead ion concentration in natural samples, such as a freshwater river. The probe displays many advantages namely: (i) the detection can be performed on-site, which avoids all problems inherent to sampling, transport and storage; (ii) the low volume of the acceptor solution implies shorter equilibration times; (ii) the electrochemical detection system allows monitoring the free ion concentration in the acceptor solution without sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Parat
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, CNRS UMR 5254, LCABIE, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - J P Pinheiro
- Université de Lorraine/ENSG, CNRS UMR 7360, LIEC, 54500 Nancy, France
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Caprara S, Laglera LM, Monticelli D. Ultrasensitive and Fast Voltammetric Determination of Iron in Seawater by Atmospheric Oxygen Catalysis in 500 μL Samples. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6357-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Caprara
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Luis M. Laglera
- FI-TRACE,
Departamento de Química, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Balearic
Islands 07122, Spain
| | - Damiano Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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11
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Rocha LS, Galceran J, Puy J, Pinheiro JP. Determination of the Free Metal Ion Concentration Using AGNES Implemented with Environmentally Friendly Bismuth Film Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6071-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Galceran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Puy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Paulo Pinheiro
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire
des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue
du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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12
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Ferreira CMH, Pinto ISS, Soares EV, Soares HMVM. (Un)suitability of the use of pH buffers in biological, biochemical and environmental studies and their interaction with metal ions – a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15453c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work reviews, discusses and update the metal complexation characteristics of thirty one buffers commercially available. Additionally, their impact on the biological systems is also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. H. Ferreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Isabel S. S. Pinto
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Eduardo V. Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory
- Chemical Engineering Department
- ISEP-School of Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Helena M. V. M. Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Porto
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Galceran J, Lao M, David C, Companys E, Rey-Castro C, Salvador J, Puy J. The impact of electrodic adsorption on Zn, Cd and Pb speciation measurements with AGNES. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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