1
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Tanouye FT, Alves JR, Spinozzi F, Itri R. Unveiling protein-protein interaction potential through Monte Carlo simulation combined with small-angle X-ray scattering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125869. [PMID: 37473888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein interactions are investigated under different conditions of lysozyme concentration, temperature and ionic strength by means of in-solution small angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS) experiments and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Initially, experimental data were analysed through a Hard-Sphere Double Yukawa (HSDY) model combined with Random Phase Approximation (RPA), a closure relationship commonly used in the literature for monodisperse systems. We realized by means of MC that the HSDY/RPA modelling fails to describe the protein-protein pair potential for moderated and dense systems at low ionic strength, mainly due to inherent distortions of the RPA approximation. Our SAXS/MC results thus show that lysozyme concentrations between 2 (diluted) and 20 mg/mL (not crowded) present similar protein-protein pair potential preserving the values of surface net charge around 7 e, protein diameter of 28 Å, decay range of attractive well potential of 3 Å and a depth of the well potential varying from 1 to 5 kBT depending on temperature and salt addition. Noteworthy, we here propose a novel method to analyse the SAXS data from interacting proteins through MC simulations, which overcomes the deficiencies presented by the use of a closure relationship. Furthermore, this new methodology of combining SAXS with MC simulations gives a step forward to investigate more complex systems as those composed of a mixture of proteins of distinct species presenting different molecular weights (and hence sizes) and surface net charges at low, moderate and very dense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Spinozzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy
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2
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Wu X, Yang L, Xia M, Yu K, Cai W, Shi T, Xie M, Liu H. Na +/K + enhanced the stability of the air/water interface of soy hull polysaccharide and intestinal mucus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125206. [PMID: 37295695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stable energy barrier of mucin and soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) is established at the air/water interface in the intestinal fluid and is conducive to the absorption and transportation of nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0.5 % and 1.5 %) of Na+ and K+ on the energy barrier through the digestive system model in vitro. The interaction between ions and microwave-assisted ammonium oxalate-extracted SP (MASP)/mucus was characterized by particle size, zeta potential, interfacial tension, surface hydrophobicity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy, microstructure, and shear rheology. The results showed that the interactions between ions and MASP/mucus included electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bond. The MASP/mucus miscible system was destabilized after 12 h, and the ions could improve the system stability to some extent. MASP aggregated continuously with the increase in the ion concentration, and large MASP aggregates were trapped above the mucus layer. Furthermore, the adsorption of MASP/mucus at the interface increased and then decreased. These findings provided a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of action of MASP in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Food and Processing Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China.
| | - Mingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Kejin Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Taiyuan Shi
- Food and Processing Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Mengxi Xie
- Food and Processing Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - He Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China.
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3
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Knop JM, Mukherjee S, Jaworek MW, Kriegler S, Manisegaran M, Fetahaj Z, Ostermeier L, Oliva R, Gault S, Cockell CS, Winter R. Life in Multi-Extreme Environments: Brines, Osmotic and Hydrostatic Pressure─A Physicochemical View. Chem Rev 2023; 123:73-104. [PMID: 36260784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the details of the formation, stability, interactions, and reactivity of biomolecular systems under extreme environmental conditions, including high salt concentrations in brines and high osmotic and high hydrostatic pressures, is of fundamental biological, astrobiological, and biotechnological importance. Bacteria and archaea are able to survive in the deep ocean or subsurface of Earth, where pressures of up to 1 kbar are reached. The deep subsurface of Mars may host high concentrations of ions in brines, such as perchlorates, but we know little about how these conditions and the resulting osmotic stress conditions would affect the habitability of such environments for cellular life. We discuss the combined effects of osmotic (salts, organic cosolvents) and hydrostatic pressures on the structure, stability, and reactivity of biomolecular systems, including membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids. To this end, a variety of biophysical techniques have been applied, including calorimetry, UV/vis, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy, and neutron and X-ray scattering, in conjunction with high pressure techniques. Knowledge of these effects is essential to our understanding of life exposed to such harsh conditions, and of the physical limits of life in general. Finally, we discuss strategies that not only help us understand the adaptive mechanisms of organisms that thrive in such harsh geological settings but could also have important ramifications in biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim-Marcel Knop
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sanjib Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michel W Jaworek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Kriegler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Magiliny Manisegaran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Zamira Fetahaj
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lena Ostermeier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126Naples, Italy
| | - Stewart Gault
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, EH9 3FDEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, EH9 3FDEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, D-44221Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Pandit S, Kundu S, Aswal VK. Interaction among bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules in the presence of anions: a small-angle neutron scattering study. J Biol Phys 2022; 48:237-251. [PMID: 35416637 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-022-09608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction in solution strongly depends on dissolved ions and solution pH. Interaction among globular protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA), above and below of its isoelectric point (pI ≈ 4.8), is studied in the presence of anions (Cl-, Br-, I-, F-, SO42-) using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. The SANS study reveals that the short-range attraction among BSA molecules remains nearly unchanged in the presence of anions, whereas the intermediate-range repulsive interaction increases following the Hofmeister series of anions. Although the interaction strength modifies below and above the pI of BSA, it nearly follows the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Pandit
- Soft Nano Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Assam, 781035, Garchuk, Guwahati, India
| | - Sarathi Kundu
- Soft Nano Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Assam, 781035, Garchuk, Guwahati, India.
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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5
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Morita T, Ogawa Y, Imamura H, Ookubo K, Uehara N, Sumi T. Interaction potential surface between Raman scattering enhancing nanoparticles conjugated with a functional copolymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16889-16894. [PMID: 31114825 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01946d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel Raman scattering enhancement was discovered using colloid nanoparticles conjugated with an amine-based copolymer. The interaction potential surface between Raman scattering enhancing nanoparticles was clarified by combining a small-angle scattering method and a model-potential-free liquid-state theory as an in situ observation in the solution state. The potential surface indicates that the most stable position is located around 0.9 nm from the particle surface, suggesting the existence of a nanogap structure between the nanocomposites. The change in Raman scattering enhancement was also acquired during the dispersion process of the aggregated nanocomposites through a glutathione-triggered nanosensing reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Imamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kouki Ookubo
- Department of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Uehara
- Department of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonari Sumi
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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6
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Julius K, Weine J, Gao M, Latarius J, Elbers M, Paulus M, Tolan M, Winter R. Impact of Macromolecular Crowding and Compression on Protein–Protein Interactions and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Phenomena. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Julius
- Experimental Physics EIA/DELTA−Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonathan Weine
- Experimental Physics EIA/DELTA−Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mimi Gao
- Physical Chemistry I−Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Latarius
- Experimental Physics EIA/DELTA−Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mirko Elbers
- Experimental Physics EIA/DELTA−Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Experimental Physics EIA/DELTA−Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Metin Tolan
- Experimental Physics EIA/DELTA−Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I−Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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7
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Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Möller J, Léonardon J, Gorini J, Dattani R, Narayanan T. A sub-ms pressure jump setup for time-resolved X-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:125116. [PMID: 28040915 DOI: 10.1063/1.4972296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a new experimental setup for time-resolved solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of kinetic processes induced by sub-ms hydrostatic pressure jumps. It is based on a high-force piezo-stack actuator, with which the volume of the sample can be dynamically compressed. The presented setup has been designed and optimized for SAXS experiments with absolute pressures of up to 1000 bars, using transparent diamond windows and an easy-to-change sample capillary. The pressure in the cell can be changed in less than 1 ms, which is about an order of magnitude faster jump than previously obtained by dynamic pressure setups for SAXS. An additional temperature control offers the possibility for automated mapping of p-T phase diagrams. Here we present the technical specifications and first experimental data taken together with a preview of new research opportunities enabled by this setup.
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9
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Schulze J, Möller J, Weine J, Julius K, König N, Nase J, Paulus M, Tolan M, Winter R. Phase behavior of lysozyme solutions in the liquid–liquid phase coexistence region at high hydrostatic pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14252-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dense protein solutions exhibit a reentrant liquid–liquid phase separation region at high pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karin Julius
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA
- TU Dortmund
- D-44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Nico König
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA
- TU Dortmund
- D-44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Julia Nase
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA
- TU Dortmund
- D-44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | | | - Metin Tolan
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA
- TU Dortmund
- D-44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Physikalische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie
- TU Dortmund
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
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10
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Platten F, Hansen J, Milius J, Wagner D, Egelhaaf SU. Additivity of the Specific Effects of Additives on Protein Phase Behavior. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14986-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Platten
- Condensed Matter Physics
Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Hansen
- Condensed Matter Physics
Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Milius
- Condensed Matter Physics
Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dana Wagner
- Condensed Matter Physics
Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan U. Egelhaaf
- Condensed Matter Physics
Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Hofmeister effects have been recognized as important as Mendel’s work was to genetics while remain largely controversial, especially for the mechanistic aspects. Here we demonstrated that complex colloids in electrolyte solutions show resembling aggregation kinetics as model colloid, and then quantitatively evaluated the resulting Hofmeister effects. Mechanism for the aggregation of complex colloids has been proposed that is closely associated with the charges of their constituents; despite that, electrostatic interactions play a minor role while polarization effect is evidenced to be the driving force for the aggregation processes. Polarization effect is further ascribed to arouse the resulting Hofmeister effects, which is supported by the fine correlation of activation energies vs. polarizability data of different alkali ions and the calculations of dipole moments for minerals with different charges and adsorbed alkali ions. Because of neglecting polarization effect, the prevailing DLVO theory is not sufficient to describe Hofmeister effects that are ubiquitous in nature. We speculate that polarization effect should also be responsible for Hofmeister effects of other charged systems such as proteins and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GY); (HL)
| | - Ying Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hualing Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GY); (HL)
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12
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Göhring H, Paulus M, Salmen P, Wirkert F, Kruse T, Degen P, Stuhr S, Rehage H, Tolan M. Salt induced reduction of lysozyme adsorption at charged interfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:235103. [PMID: 25992483 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/23/235103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A study of lysozyme adsorption below a behenic acid membrane and at the solid-liquid interface between aqueous lysozyme solution and a silicon wafer in the presence of sodium chloride is presented. The salt concentration was varied between 1 mmol L(-1) and 1000 mmol L(-1). X-ray reflectivity data show a clear dependence of the protein adsorption on the salt concentration. Increasing salt concentrations result in a decreased protein adsorption at the interface until a complete suppression at high concentrations is reached. This effect can be attributed to a reduced attractive electrostatic interaction between the positively charged proteins and negatively charged surfaces by charge screening. The measurements at the solid-liquid interfaces show a transition from unoriented order of lysozyme in the adsorbed film to an oriented order with the short protein axis perpendicular to the solid-liquid interface with rising salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Göhring
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Lysozyme stability and amyloid fibrillization dependence on Hofmeister anions in acidic pH. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:921-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Winter R. Pressure Effects on the Intermolecular Interaction Potential of Condensed Protein Solutions. Subcell Biochem 2015; 72:151-176. [PMID: 26174381 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9918-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the intermolecular interaction potential of proteins as a function of their solution conditions is essential for understanding protein aggregation, crystallization, and the phase behavior of proteins in general. Here, we report on a combined small-angle X-ray scattering and liquid-state theoretical approach to study dense lysozyme solutions as a function of temperature and pressure, but also in the presence of salts and osmolytes of different nature. We show that the pressure-dependent interaction potential of lysozyme changes in a nonlinear fashion over a wide range of temperatures, salt and protein concentrations, indicating that changes of the bulk water structure mediate the pressure dependence of the intermolecular forces. We present also results on the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the phase behavior of dense lysozyme solutions in the liquid-liquid phase-coexistence region. As also shown in this study, the application of pressure can be used to fine-tune the second virial coefficient of protein solutions, which can be used to control nucleation rates and hence protein crystallization, or to prevent protein aggregation. Moreover, these results are also important for understanding the hydration behavior of biological matter under extreme environmental conditions, and the high stability of dense protein solutions (as they occur intracellularly) in organisms thriving under hydrostatic pressure conditions such as in the deep sea, where pressures up to the 100 MPa-level are reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany,
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