1
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Shiraishi Y, Oshima T, Hirai T. Isomerization, Protonation, and Hydrolysis Properties of Naphthalimide-Containing Spiropyran in Aqueous Media. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39215717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of spiropyrans exhibiting ring-opening/closing isomerization driven by external stimuli is a challenging subject for the development of molecular sensors. A napthalimide-containing spiropyran (1) promotes rapid isomerization between the spirocyclic (SP) form and ring-opened merocyanine (MC) form by the change in solvent polarity even under the dark condition at room temperature. In this work, the effect of water on the isomerization behavior of 1 was studied. The addition of water caused an MC-water H-bonding interaction and shifted the resonance MC structure to the zwitterionic form with a lower ground-state energy. The stabilized MC form promoted spontaneous SP → MC isomerization and increased the equilibrium MC concentration. The effect of pH on the behavior of 1 was also studied. In acidic-neutral media, protonation/deprotonation of the naphthalimide moiety led to rapid and reversible changes in the absorption spectra. In contrast, strongly basic media (pH > 12) promoted irreversible base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the alkene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taku Oshima
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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2
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Jin Z, Yim W, Retout M, Housel E, Zhong W, Zhou J, Strano MS, Jokerst JV. Colorimetric sensing for translational applications: from colorants to mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7681-7741. [PMID: 38835195 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Colorimetric sensing offers instant reporting via visible signals. Versus labor-intensive and instrument-dependent detection methods, colorimetric sensors present advantages including short acquisition time, high throughput screening, low cost, portability, and a user-friendly approach. These advantages have driven substantial growth in colorimetric sensors, particularly in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Rapid progress in nanotechnology, materials science, microfluidics technology, biomarker discovery, digital technology, and signal pattern analysis has led to a variety of colorimetric reagents and detection mechanisms, which are fundamental to advance colorimetric sensing applications. This review first summarizes the basic components (e.g., color reagents, recognition interactions, and sampling procedures) in the design of a colorimetric sensing system. It then presents the rationale design and typical examples of POC devices, e.g., lateral flow devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, and wearable sensing devices. Two highlighted colorimetric formats are discussed: combinational and activatable systems based on the sensor-array and lock-and-key mechanisms, respectively. Case discussions in colorimetric assays are organized by the analyte identities. Finally, the review presents challenges and perspectives for the design and development of colorimetric detection schemes as well as applications. The goal of this review is to provide a foundational resource for developing colorimetric systems and underscoring the colorants and mechanisms that facilitate the continuing evolution of POC sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Emily Housel
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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3
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Tulyabaev AR, Khuzin AA, Lukmanov TI, Sabirov DS. Is this how bromine spiropyran salt is converted to merocyanine under UV irradiation? A look through the prism of quantum chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10336-10342. [PMID: 38501209 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The stability of merocyanine forms formed under UV irradiation of a solution of a spiropyran salt, in which an organic part acts as a cation and a compact bromide ion as an anion, their photophysical properties, and the formation mechanism are studied in this work using time-dependent density functional theory. Theoretical calculations show that TTC and CTT are the most stable open forms (the difference in stability energies is 10.5 and 12.0 kcal mol-1 relative to the formation energy of spiropyran, respectively). The simulated absorption bands in the UV spectrum of the merocyanine forms are observed both in the UV region at 308-366 nm and in the visible region at 544-757 nm due to n → π* and π → π* type transitions. We found that the isomerisation mechanism of spiropyran into merocyanine forms includes two key stages: the ring opening to form cisoid merocyanine forms (except unstable TCC) through conical intersection and their subsequent isomerisation to form stable transoid isomers. The length of the Cspiro-O bond is 1.97 Å and the C1'-C2'-C3'-C4' angle is 70° in the structure close to conical intersection. The stage that determines the rate of this process is the isomerisation between transoid forms, as in the case of transformation of open merocyanine forms into spiropyran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Tulyabaev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Artur A Khuzin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Timur I Lukmanov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Denis Sh Sabirov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Russia.
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4
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Taskiran N, Erdemir S, Oguz M, Malkondu S. Two red/blue-emitting fluorescent probes for quick, portable, and selective detection of thiophenol in food, soil and plant samples, and their applications in bioimaging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133464. [PMID: 38237433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Thiophenol (PhSH), which is widely used in many industries, poses significant health risks owing to its acute toxicity and irritating effects. Thus, the detection of PhSH is crucial for ensuring environmental and food safety. There is significant room for improvement in the sensing properties of the reported analytical methods, such as response time, detection limit, selectivity, and portable detection. Herein, we present two new red/blue fluorescence-emissive sensors (NS1 and NS2) for PhSH detection. After reacting with PhSH, NS1 exhibited a low detection limit (66.7 nM), red emission, fast response time of just 10 s, and large Stokes shift (240 nm). NS2 could detect PhSH with a low detection limit (75.8 nM), fast response time of 20 s, and blue emission. The noticeable color response and portability of the two probes made them suitable for on-site detection of PhSH in various samples, such as water, soil, plant, food samples, and living cells. Moreover, it has been shown that these probes could be used to determine PhSH content in smartphone applications, thin layer chromatography kits, and polysulfone capsule kits. Prepared probes have low cytotoxicity and show good permeability in tested living cells, which is important for early diagnosis, disease research, and emergency analysis. Compared with other studies, the proposed approach has remarkable advantages in terms of detection limit, portability, response time, and low cytotoxicity. Thus, it meets the crucial demand for ensuring health, environmental and food safety, and adherence to regulatory standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Taskiran
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Konya 42250, Turkey
| | - Serkan Erdemir
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Konya 42250, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Oguz
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Konya 42250, Turkey
| | - Sait Malkondu
- Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun 28200, Turkey
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5
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Shiraishi Y, Yomo K, Hirai T. Polarity-Driven Isomerization of a Hydroxynaphthalimide-Containing Spiropyran at Room Temperature. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:290-298. [PMID: 37249936 PMCID: PMC10214515 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Design of spiropyrans showing spontaneous isomerization driven by the polarity of solvents is an important consideration for the synthesis of optical sensory materials. Although some spiropyrans undergo polarity-driven isomerization, they must be heated owing to the high activation energy required for isomerization. In this study, we describe that a spiropyran containing a hydroxynaphthalimide unit (1) exhibits a polarity-driven isomerization at room temperature. It exists as a colorless spirocyclic (SP) form in less polar solvents but is isomerized to a colored merocyanine (MC) form in polar solvents. The equilibrium amount of the MC form increases with an increase in the polarity of solvents. The MC form involves two resonance structures-the quinoidal and zwitterionic forms. In polar media, the zwitterionic form dominates mainly owing to solvation by polar molecules. Solvation stabilizes the negative charge of the zwitterionic form and decreases its ground state energy, thereby enhancing SP → MC isomerization. The SP ⇌ MC isomerization terminates within barely 30 s even at room temperature because the naphthol moiety with high π-electron density lowers the activation energy for the rate-determining rotational step.
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6
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Xu ZY, Wang XH, Luo HQ, Li NB. Cascade reaction-based highly sensitive fluorescent sensing systems applicable for dual-pattern fluorescence visualizing of thiophenol flavors in meat products and condiments. Food Chem 2023; 407:135120. [PMID: 36495742 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiophenols (ArSHs) are widely used as popular flavoring ingredients for making daily dishes. Dissecting the ArSHs contents in common foodstuffs is meaningful in the field of food safety science. Herein, a novel small-molecule sensor 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenoxy)-4-morpholinophenyl)acrylonitrile (NOSA) has been tailored. The NOSA is able to respond to ArSHs, spontaneously yielding highly green-emissive fluorescent iminocoumarin (I500). This cascade reaction-based strategy is sensitive (limit-of-detection = 2.8 nM), rapid (within 5 min), and selective toward ArSH flavors. Probe NOSA has been applied to the determination of ArSHs in real-life meat products and condiments. Moreover, a far-red fluorescent compound, 2-(7-(diethylamino)-4-(4-(methylthio)styryl)-2H-chromen-2-ylidene)malononitrile (CMMT), has been first combined with NOSA to construct a composite probe NOSA@CMMT for the ratiometric detection of ArSHs (I500/I630). System NOSA@CMMT exhibits a conspicuous fluorescence change from deep-red to light-green. Benefitted from the gorgeous chromatic fluctuation, a smartphone-integrated analysis platform is established for the real-time evaluation of ArSHs level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiao Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Nian Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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7
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Shiraishi Y, Takagi S, Yomo K, Hirai T. Spontaneous Isomerization of a Hydroxynaphthalene-Containing Spiropyran in Polar Solvents Enhanced by Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35619-35628. [PMID: 34984293 PMCID: PMC8717586 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of spiropyran dyes exhibiting solvent-driven isomerization even in the dark condition is an important subject for the design of optical materials. A conventional synthesis strategy involves the conjugation of indoline moieties with electron-deficient aromatic moieties. Herein, we report that a spiropyran conjugated with a hydroxynaphthalene moiety (1) is a new member exhibiting solvent-driven isomerization, even bearing an electron-donating -OH moiety. The dye exists as a colorless spirocyclic (SP) form in nonpolar media. It, however, shows a blue color in polar media, especially in aqueous media, due to the formation of ring-opened merocyanine (MC) forms, where the isomerization terminates in 10 s even at room temperature. The spontaneous SP → MC isomerization originates from the MC forms stabilized by the highly delocalized π-electrons on the hydroxynaphthalene moiety. The solvation in polar media and the hydrogen bonding interaction with water molecules decrease the ground-state energy of the MC forms, triggering spontaneous isomerization. The dye exhibits two MC absorption bands assigned to the trans-trans-cis (TTC) and cis-trans-cis (CTC) isomers. The absorbance of the CTC band increases more significantly with an increase in the water content, and the increase exhibits a linear relationship with a hydrogen-bond donor acidity of solvents. The phenolate oxygen of the CTC form has larger hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity, resulting in stronger stabilization by the water molecule.
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8
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Chemo- and biosensing applications of spiropyran and its derivatives - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1110:199-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Pugachev AD, Ozhogin IV, Lukyanova MB, Lukyanov BS, Rostovtseva IA, Dorogan IV, Makarova NI, Tkachev VV, Metelitsa AV, Aldoshin SM. Visible to near-IR molecular switches based on photochromic indoline spiropyrans with a conjugated cationic fragment. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 230:118041. [PMID: 31955116 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules which can absorb and emit light within the "biological window" (650-1450 nm) are of great interest for using in various important biomedical applications such as bio-imaging, photopharmacology, targeted drug delivery, etc. Here we present three new indoline spiropyrans containing conjugated cationic fragments and halogen substituents in the 2H-chromene moiety which were synthesized by a simple one-pot method. The molecular structure of the obtained compounds was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy (including 2D methods), HRMS, elemental and single crystal X-ray analysis. Photochemical studies revealed the photochromic activity of spiropyrans at room temperature which caused photoswitchable fluorescence in the near-IR region after UV-irradiation. While the spirocyclic forms of compounds demonstrated absorption bands in the UV-Vis spectra with maxima in the visible region at about 445 nm and were not fluorescent, the photogenerated merocyanine isomers absorbed in the near-IR range at 708-738 nm and emitted at 768-791 nm. It was found that compound 1a with fluorine substituent possesses the most red-shifted absorption and emission bands of merocyanine form among all the known photochromic spiropyrans with maxima at 738 and 791 nm correspondingly. TD DFT calculations have shown that the longest wavelength absorption maxima of the merocyanine forms correspond to S0-S1 transitions of the isomers with at least one trans-trans-trans-configured vinylindolium fragment which brings them closer to cyanine-like structure and causes an appearance of the absorption and emission bands in the near-IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation; Don State Technical University, 1 Gagarin sq., 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A Rostovtseva
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Dorogan
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda I Makarova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Valery V Tkachev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Acadeemy of Sciences, 1 Akad. Semenova ave., 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation; Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, 1 Severny proezd, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly V Metelitsa
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey M Aldoshin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Acadeemy of Sciences, 1 Akad. Semenova ave., 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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10
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Shen Y, Dai L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang C, Liu S, Tang Y, Li H. A ratiometric fluorescent probe for visualization of thiophenol and its applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 230:118061. [PMID: 31958606 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenol has a broad application in agriculture and industry. However, thiophenol can harm to the environment and health for its high toxicity. Developing an effective method for detection of thiophenol in the field of environmental and biology is valuable. In this work, we construct a reaction-based ratiometric fluorescent probe (E)-4-(2-(7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)vinyl)-1-(4-(2,4-dinitrophenoxy)benzyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide (DCVP-DNP) for probing thiophenol in environment and cells by employing (E)-7-(diethylamino)-3-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (DCVP) as the fluorophore and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) ether as the recognition group for the first time. The probe has high selectivity for thiophenol though thiophenol-triggered nucleophilic substitution reaction. In addition, the ratio of emission intensities of the probe has linearly with thiophenol concentration in the range of 0-65 μM and the detection limit of thiophenol is as low as 4.8 × 10-8 M. Moreover, the probe can not only be applied for detection of thiophenol in water samples, but also image thiophenol in living cells, suggesting its potential application in environment and biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Shen
- Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.; Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Bureau for Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
| | - Lingcong Dai
- Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China..
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China.
| | - Shaoheng Liu
- Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Yucai Tang
- Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Haitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
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11
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Roohi H, Rostami T. Mechanism of the photo triggered ring-opening reaction of spiropyran derivatives (SP-X1-7; X1-7 = H, NO2, CF3, CN, OH, OMe and NMe2) in the gas phase and various solvent media: A GD3-TD-DFT approach. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Garcia J, Addison JB, Liu SZ, Lu S, Faulkner AL, Hodur BM, Balmond EI, Or VW, Yun JH, Trevino K, Shen B, Shaw JT, Frank NL, Louie AY. Antioxidant Sensing by Spiropyrans: Substituent Effects and NMR Spectroscopic Studies. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6799-6809. [PMID: 31284715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive small molecules for probing biologically active antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) has important ramifications in the detection of oxidative stress. An ideal sensor for biological applications should exhibit sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for detection at physiological concentrations and be reversible to allow continuous and dynamic monitoring of antioxidant levels. Designing a suitable sensor thus requires a detailed understanding of activation properties and mechanism of action. In this work, we report a new set of GSH-responsive spiropyrans and demonstrate how changes in the electronic structure of spiropyrans influence GSH sensing with high specificity versus other structurally similar and biologically relevant redox-active molecules. The sensitivity, selectivity, kinetics, binding constant, and reversibility of GSH-responsive-substituted spiropyrans were investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy and laser irradiation experiments. Detailed studies of the mechanism of interaction between spiropyrans with GSH were investigated using NMR spectroscopy. Understanding how electronic effects impact the sensing ability of spiropyrans toward antioxidants and elucidating the mechanism of the spiropyran-GSH interaction will facilitate the design of more effective sensors for detection of antioxidants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Garcia
- Chemistry Department , De La Salle University , 2401 Taft Avenue , 1004 Manila , Philippines
| | | | | | - Samuel Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8 V 2Y2 , Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Natia L Frank
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8 V 2Y2 , Canada
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13
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Cheng Y, Ma F, Gu X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Xue T, Zheng Y, Qi Z. A novel isophorone-based red-emitting/NIR probe for thiophenol and its application in real water sample and vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 210:281-288. [PMID: 30466034 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fast, highly selective and sensitive thiophenol probes are highly desirable in the field of bioimaging and environmental monitoring. For that, based on the mechanism that thiophenol can effectively cleave the sulfonamide bond selectively, we herein report a dicyanoisophorone-based Red-emitting/NIR probe for thiophenol detection. This probe had some desirable properties such as rapid response, high selectivity and sensitivity, remarkable large Stokes shift (181 nm), Red-emitting/NIR fluorescence region and low LOD value (80 nM, according to 3σ/s). Moreover, this novel Red-emitting/NIR probe can potentially be applied to the detection of thiophenols in real water samples quantitatively and fluorescent imaging in living cells and zebrafishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Fulong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Xiaofei Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Xiuxuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Tianzi Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Zhengjian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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14
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Han RL, Shi JH, Liu ZJ, Hou YF, Wang Y. Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Hydrophobic-to-Hydrophilic Switch Nanovalve for On-Demand Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3478-3486. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Fredrich S, Bonasera A, Valderrey V, Hecht S. Sensitive Assays by Nucleophile-Induced Rearrangement of Photoactivated Diarylethenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6432-6440. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fredrich
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Virginia Valderrey
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Andrews MC, Peng P, Rajput A, Cozzolino AF. Modulation of the carboxamidine redox potential through photoinduced spiropyran or fulgimide isomerisation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528073 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carboxamidines functionalized with either a spiropyran or fulgimide photoswitch were prepared on multigram scales. The thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical ring isomerizations of these compounds were studied and the results compared with related systems. The photochemical isomerisations were found to be reversible and could be followed by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The spiropyran/merocyanine couple was thermally active and an activation enthalpy of 116 kJ mol-1 was measured for ring-opening. These measurements yielded an enthalpy difference of 25 kJ mol-1 between the open and closed states which is consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations predicted a charge transfer to the carboxamidine group upon ring closure in the fulgimide and a charge transfer from the carboxamidine group upon switching the spiropyran to the merocyanine form. This was confirmed experimentally by monitoring the change in the oxidation potential assigned to the carboxamidine group. The potential of these molecules to therefore act as a new class of photoresponsive ligands that can modulate the ligand field of a complex is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crawford Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 41061, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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17
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Poutanen M, Ahmed Z, Rautkari L, Ikkala O, Priimagi A. Thermal Isomerization of Hydroxyazobenzenes as a Platform for Vapor Sensing. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:381-386. [PMID: 29607244 PMCID: PMC5871339 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of azobenzene derivatives is a versatile tool for devising light-responsive materials for a broad range of applications in photonics, robotics, microfabrication, and biomaterials science. Some applications rely on fast isomerization kinetics, while for others, bistable azobenzenes are preferred. However, solid-state materials where the isomerization kinetics depends on the environmental conditions have been largely overlooked. Herein, an approach to utilize the environmental sensitivity of isomerization kinetics is developed. It is demonstrated that thin polymer films containing hydroxyazobenzenes offer a conceptually novel platform for sensing hydrogen-bonding vapors in the environment. The concept is based on accelerating the thermal cis-trans isomerization rate through hydrogen-bond-catalyzed changes in the thermal isomerization pathway, which allows for devising a relative humidity sensor with high sensitivity and quick response to relative humidity changes. The approach is also applicable for detecting other hydrogen-bonding vapors such as methanol and ethanol. Employing isomerization kinetics of azobenzenes for vapor sensing opens new intriguing possibilities for using azobenzene molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Poutanen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zafar Ahmed
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
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18
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Development of a two-photon fluorescent turn-on probe with far-red emission for thiophenols and its bioimaging application in living tissues. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 95:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Brügner O, Reichenbach T, Sommer M, Walter M. Substituent Correlations Characterized by Hammett Constants in the Spiropyran–Merocyanine Transition. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2683-2687. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Brügner
- Freiburger Institut für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichenbach
- Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik (IWM), Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburger Institut für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik (IWM), Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Valderrey V, Bonasera A, Fredrich S, Hecht S. Light-Activated Sensitive Probes for Amine Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1914-1918. [PMID: 28090723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our new, simple, and accurate colorimetric method is based on diarylethenes (DAEs) for the rapid detection of a wide range of primary and secondary amines. The probes consist of aldehyde- or ketone-substituted diarylethenes, which undergo an amine-induced decoloration reaction, selectively to give the ring-closed isomer. Thus, these probes can be activated at the desired moment by light irradiation, with a sensitivity that allows the detection of amines at concentrations as low as 10-6 m in solution. In addition, the practical immobilization of DAEs on paper makes it possible to detect biogenic amines, such as cadaverine, in the gas phase above a threshold of 12 ppbv within 30 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valderrey
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fredrich
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Valderrey V, Bonasera A, Fredrich S, Hecht S. Lichtaktivierte Sensoren zur empfindlichen Amindetektion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valderrey
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Fredrich
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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22
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Theoretical modeling of electrocyclic 2H-pyran and 2H-1,4-oxazine ring opening reactions in photo- and thermochromic spiropyrans and spirooxazines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Balmond EI, Tautges BK, Faulkner AL, Or VW, Hodur BM, Shaw JT, Louie AY. Comparative Evaluation of Substituent Effect on the Photochromic Properties of Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8744-8758. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward I. Balmond
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brandon K. Tautges
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrea L. Faulkner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Victor W. Or
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Blanka M. Hodur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angelique Y. Louie
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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24
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Shiraishi Y, Nakamura M, Hayashi N, Hirai T. Coumarin-Spiropyran Dyad with a Hydrogenated Pyran Moiety for Rapid, Selective, and Sensitive Fluorometric Detection of Cyanide Anion. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6805-11. [PMID: 27268123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a coumarin-spiropyran dyad with a hydrogenated pyran moiety (2), behaving as an off-on type fluorescent receptor for rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of cyanide anion (CN(-)) in aqueous media. The receptor itself shows almost no fluorescence with a quantum yield < 0.01, due to the delocalization of π-electrons over the molecule. Selective nucleophilic addition of CN(-) to the spirocarbon of the molecule rapidly promotes spirocycle opening within only 3 min. This leads to localization of π-electrons on the coumarin moiety and exhibits strong light-blue fluorescence at 459 nm with very high quantum yield (0.52). As a result of this, the receptor facilitates rapid, selective, and sensitive fluorometric detection of CN(-) as low as 1.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Naoto Hayashi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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25
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New spiropyrans based on 1,3-benzoxazine-2-one: acid catalyzed synthesis and theoretical insight into the photochromic activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Tautges B, Or V, Garcia J, Shaw JT, Louie AY. Preparation of a conjugation-ready thiol responsive molecular switch. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:6569-6573. [PMID: 26594066 PMCID: PMC4649948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work we synthesize molecular switches that are responsive to cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione; three redox systems that make up the majority of the body's antioxidant defenses. Synthesized spiropyran isomers with conjugation-ready linkages showed good selectivity of response to these major antioxidant thiols over nucleophilic amino acids; however the position of the linking group can affect selectivity and reversibility of the switching response. An isomer with selectivity for cysteine against GSH and Hcy was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Tautges
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Victor Or
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joel Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angelique Y. Louie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
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27
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Ruetzel S, Diekmann M, Nuernberger P, Walter C, Engels B, Brixner T. Photoisomerization among ring-open merocyanines. I. Reaction dynamics and wave-packet oscillations induced by tunable femtosecond pulses. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:224310. [PMID: 24929391 DOI: 10.1063/1.4881258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon ultraviolet excitation, photochromic spiropyran compounds can be converted by a ring-opening reaction into merocyanine molecules, which in turn can form several isomers differing by cis and trans configurations in the methine bridge. Whereas the spiropyran-merocyanine conversion reaction of the nitro-substituted indolinobenzopyran 6-nitro-1',3',3'-trimethylspiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline] (6-nitro BIPS) has been studied extensively in theory and experiments, little is known about photoisomerization among the merocyanine isomers. In this article, we employ femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with variable excitation wavelengths to investigate the excited-state dynamics of the merocyanine in acetonitrile at room temperature, where exclusively the trans-trans-cis (TTC) and trans-trans-trans (TTT) isomers contribute. No photochemical ring-closure pathways exist for the two isomers. Instead, we found that (18±4)% of excited TTC isomers undergo an ultrafast excited-state cis→trans photoisomerization to TTT within 200 fs, while the excited-state lifetime of TTC molecules that do not isomerize is 35 ps. No photoisomerization was detected for the TTT isomer, which relaxes to the ground state with a lifetime of roughly 160 ps. Moreover, signal oscillations at 170 cm(-1) and 360 cm(-1) were observed, which can be ascribed to excited-state wave-packet dynamics occurring in the course of the TTC→TTT isomerization. The results of high-level time-dependent density functional theory in conjunction with polarizable continuum models are presented in the subsequent article [C. Walter, S. Ruetzel, M. Diekmann, P. Nuernberger, T. Brixner, and B. Engels, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 224311 (2014)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ruetzel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meike Diekmann
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christof Walter
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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