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Nandeshwar M, Mandal S, Kuppuswamy S, Prabusankar G. A Sustainable Approach for Graphene Oxide-supported Metal N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201138. [PMID: 36448356 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable noble metal-N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) are a topic of arising concern in both the chemical industry and the academic community due to a growing consciousness of environmental pollution and scarcity. Recovering and reusing homogeneous catalysts from the reaction mixture requires a tremendous amount of capital investment in the chemical manufacturing industry. Heterogeneous catalysts are proved to have better functional groups tolerance; however, catalysts support largely influences the active catalyst sites to affect catalyst efficiency and selectivity. Thus the, choice of catalyst supports plays an almost decisive role in this emerging area of catalysis research. Graphene oxide (GO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support has a potential growth in heterogeneous catalysis owing to their commercial availability, considerably larger surface area, inert towards chemical transformations, and easy surface functionalization to attached metal complexes via covalent and non-covalent aromatic π-conjugates. To take advantage of two independently well-established research areas of noble metal-N-heterocyclic carbenes and GO/rGO support via covalent or non-covalent interactions approach would offer novel heterogeneous complexes with improved catalytic efficiency without sacrificing product selectivity. This unique concept of marrying metal-N-heterocyclic carbenes with GO/rGO support has potential growth in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, however, limited examples are reported in the literature. In this perspective, a comprehensive summary of metal-NHC synthesis on GO/rGO support and synthetic strategies to graft M-NHC onto GO/rGO surface, catalytic efficiency, for the catalytic transformation are critically reviewed. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism for non-covalent grafting methodology is summarized to direct readers to give a better understanding of M-NHC@rGO complexes. This would also allow the designing of engineered catalysts for unexplored catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneshwar Nandeshwar
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Lab Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Suman Mandal
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Lab Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | | | - Ganesan Prabusankar
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Lab Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
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2
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Let S, Dam GK, Samanta P, Fajal S, Dutta S, Ghosh SK. Palladium-Anchored N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in a Porous Organic Polymer: A Heterogeneous Composite Catalyst for Eco-Friendly C–C Coupling. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16655-16664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Let
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gourab K. Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Partha Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sahel Fajal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Subhajit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sujit K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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3
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Wang Z, Völker LA, Robinson TC, Kaeffer N, Menzildjian G, Jabbour R, Venkatesh A, Gajan D, Rossini AJ, Copéret C, Lesage A. Speciation and Structures in Pt Surface Sites Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Revealed by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Indirectly Detected 195Pt NMR Spectroscopic Signatures and Fingerprint Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21530-21543. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Laura A. Völker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C. Robinson
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Gajan
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de RMN à hauts champs de Lyon, UMR 5082, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
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4
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Rozeh P, Shahvelayati AS, Khalil Moghaddam S. Efficient Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Novel Fused Indenofurane Derivatives Using Fe 3O 4-Magnetic Nanoparticles. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2117209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rozeh
- Department o f Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Sadat Shahvelayati
- Department o f Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Khalil Moghaddam
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Geetha BM, Yhobu Z, Monica V, Małecki JG, Nagaraju DH, Azam M, Al-Resayes SI, Budagumpi S. Coordination chemistry of silver(I), gold(I) and nickel(II) with bis N-heterocyclic carbenes: applications in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Geetha
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Zhoveta Yhobu
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Monica
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | | | - D. H. Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Azam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud I. Al-Resayes
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Mames A, Pietrzak M, Bernatowicz P, Kubas A, Luboradzki R, Ratajczyk T. NMR Crystallography Enhanced by Quantum Chemical Calculations and Liquid State NMR Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Se-NHC Adducts*. Chemistry 2021; 27:16477-16487. [PMID: 34606111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC) are widely utilized in catalysis and material science. They are characterized by their steric and electronic properties. Steric properties are usually quantified on the basis of their static structure, which can be determined by X-ray diffraction. The electronic properties are estimated in the liquid state; for example, via the 77 Se liquid state NMR of Se-NHC adducts. We demonstrate that 77 Se NMR crystallography can contribute to the characterization of the structural and electronic properties of NHC in solid and liquid states. Selected Se-NHC adducts are investigated via 77 Se solid state NMR and X-ray crystallography, supported by quantum chemical calculations. This investigation reveals a correlation between the molecular structure of adducts and NMR parameters, including not only isotropic chemical shifts but also the other chemical shift tensor components. Afterwards, the liquid state 77 Se NMR data is presented and interpreted in terms of the quantum chemistry modelling. The discrepancy between the structural and electronic properties, and in particular the π-accepting abilities of adducts in the solid and liquid states is discussed. Finally, the 13 C isotropic chemical shift from the liquid state NMR and the 13 C tensor components are also discussed, and compared with their 77 Se counterparts. 77 Se NMR crystallography can deliver valuable information about NHC ligands, and together with liquid state 77 Se NMR can provide an in-depth outlook on the properties of NHC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pietrzak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bernatowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Luboradzki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Scattolin T, Piccin A, Mauceri M, Rizzolio F, Demitri N, Canzonieri V, Visentin F. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of palladium allyl complexes bearing benzimidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Francisco MAS, Fantuzzi F, Cardozo TM, Esteves PM, Engels B, Oliveira RR. Taming the Antiferromagnetic Beast: Computational Design of Ultrashort Mn-Mn Bonds Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:12126-12136. [PMID: 34114702 PMCID: PMC8456913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of complexes featuring low-valent, multiply bonded metal centers is an exciting field with several potential applications. In this work, we describe the design principles and extensive computational investigation of new organometallic platforms featuring the elusive manganese-manganese bond stabilized by experimentally realized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). By using DFT computations benchmarked against multireference calculations, as well as MO- and VB-based bonding analyses, we could disentangle the various electronic and structural effects contributing to the thermodynamic and kinetic stability, as well as the experimental feasibility, of the systems. In particular, we explored the nature of the metal-carbene interaction and the role of the ancillary η6 coordination to the generation of Mn2 systems featuring ultrashort metal-metal bonds, closed-shell singlet multiplicities, and positive adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps. Our analysis identifies two distinct classes of viable synthetic targets, whose electrostructural properties are thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. S. Francisco
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Thiago M. Cardozo
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Pierre M. Esteves
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ricardo R. Oliveira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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9
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Scattolin T, Voloshkin VA, Martynova E, Vanden Broeck SMP, Beliš M, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Synthesis and catalytic activity of palladium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and 1,4,7-triaza-9-phosphatricyclo[5.3.2.1]tridecane (CAP) ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9491-9499. [PMID: 34254628 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01716k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of novel palladium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and 1,4,7-triaza-9-phosphatricyclo[5.3.2.1]tridecane (CAP) are reported. These organometallic complexes can be easily obtained using two different synthetic strategies that involve either the substitution of the pyridine ligand from trans-[Pd(NHC)(Py)Cl2] or by simple addition of the CAP ligand to dimeric species [Pd(NHC)Cl2]2. The mixed NHC/CAP complexes were tested as pre-catalysts in the Buchwald-Hartwig aryl amination coupling, showing good catalytic activity, especially in the case of cis-[Pd(IPr)(CAP)Cl2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sofie M P Vanden Broeck
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L. Tuning the Gold(I)‐Carbon σ Bond in Gold‐Alkynyl Complexes through Structural Modifications of the NHC Ancillary Ligand: Effect on Spectroscopic Observables and Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
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11
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Meng Q, Zhang H, Chen H, Teng Q. Ammonium‐Anchored Palladium‐NHC Complex on Polystyrene Resin: A Highly Reactive Catalyst for the Mizoroki‐Heck Reaction**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Haiqun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Qiaoqiao Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
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12
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De Tovar J, Rataboul F, Djakovitch L. From the grafting of NHC-based Pd(II) complexes onto TiO2 to the in situ generation of Mott-Schottky heterojunctions: The boosting effect in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. Do the evolved Pd NPs act as reservoirs? J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Simoens A, Scattolin T, Cauwenbergh T, Pisanò G, Cazin CSJ, Stevens CV, Nolan SP. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Metal–NHC Complexes**. Chemistry 2021; 27:5653-5657. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Simoens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Synthesis Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry Research Group Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Thibault Cauwenbergh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Gianmarco Pisanò
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Synthesis Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry Research Group Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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14
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Ahmad H. Celluloses as Green Support of Palladium Nanoparticles for Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Brief Review. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Ligand effects in the stabilization of gold nanoparticles anchored on the surface of graphene: Implications in catalysis. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lamb JR, Brown CM, Johnson JA. N-Heterocyclic carbene-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) betaine adducts: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2699-2715. [PMID: 34164037 PMCID: PMC8179359 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06465c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are an important class of reactive organic molecules used as ligands, organocatalysts, and σ-donors in a variety of electroneutral ylide or betaine adducts with main-group compounds. An emerging class of betaine adducts made from the reaction of NHCs with carbodiimides (CDIs) form zwitterionic amidinate-like structures with tunable properties based on the highly modular NHC and CDI scaffolds. The adduct stability is controlled by the substituents on the CDI nitrogens, while the NHC substituents greatly affect the configuration of the adduct in the solid state. This Perspective is intended as a primer to these adducts, touching on their history, synthesis, characterization, and general properties. Despite the infancy of the field, NHC-CDI adducts have been applied as amidinate-type ligands for transition metals and nanoparticles, as junctions in zwitterionic polymers, and to stabilize distonic radical cations. These applications and potential future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
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17
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Dong Y, Li WH, Dong YB. Dual-Metal N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex (M = Au and Pd)-Functionalized UiO-67 MOF for Alkyne Hydration-Suzuki Coupling Tandem Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1818-1826. [PMID: 33370121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes (NHC-M) have been recognized as an important class of organometallic catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate that different NHC-M (M = Au and Pd) species can be simultaneously introduced into a single metal organic framework (MOF) by direct assembly of NHC-M-decorated ligands and metal ions under solvothermal conditions. The obtained UiO-67-Au/Pd-NHBC MOF with different organometallic NHC-M species can be a highly reusable dual catalyst to sequentially promote alkyne hydration-Suzuki coupling reaction. The potential utility of this strategy is highlighted by the preparation of many more new multicatalysts of this type for various organic transformations in a sequential way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Han Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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18
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Sustainable Synthesis of Biaryls Using Silica Supported Ferrocene Appended N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Palladium Complex. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Li J, He D, Lin Z, Wu W, Jiang H. Recent advances in NHC–palladium catalysis for alkyne chemistry: versatile synthesis and applications. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in NHC–palladium catalysis for alkyne chemistry: versatile synthesis and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Dan He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Zidong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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20
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Jia Y, Li L, Duan L, Li Y. The
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‐Prins Cyclization of Unfunctionalized Olefins Promoted by NHC‐Cu Complex and ZrCl
4. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue‐Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
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21
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Ghavidel Kalishomi R, Rostamizadeh S, Nouri F, Khazaei A. Synthesis of nano magnetic supported NHC-palladium and investigation of its applications as a catalyst in the Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction in H 2O. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04946. [PMID: 32995626 PMCID: PMC7511807 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as an effective ligand for palladium catalytic centers have recently found much attention. In this work, Fe3O4 nanoparticle supported palladium(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst was successfully designed, synthesized and characterized by various methods. The activity of the catalyst was evaluated in the Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction in which the desired products were obtained in high yield in H2O as a green solvent. The reaction was carried out in short reaction times using low amounts of the catalyst. Moreover, the catalyst was easily separated from the reaction media and reused for 5 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahnaz Rostamizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khazaei
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Hexagonal Boron Nitride Supported N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Palladium(II): A New, Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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24
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Yan D, Wang N, Xue T, Wu H, Zhang J, Wu P. SBA‐15 Supported Chiral Phosphine‐Gold(I) Complex: Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Teng Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Haihong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P.R. China
| | - Peng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
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25
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Lei Y, Lan G, Fan M, Li G. Palladium coordinated in N-heterocyclic carbene-functionalized porous organic polymer for efficient oxidative carbonylation of glycerol. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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Hemming EB, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T. Immobilisation of Homogeneous Pd Catalysts within a Type I Porous Liquid. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene-based palladium complex was successfully immobilised on the inner surfaces of hollow silica nanospheres. The external surfaces of these spheres were functionalised with a corona-canopy to produce a Type I porous liquid. To confirm the successful immobilisation of the catalytic precursor, the porous liquid system was explored using the Heck reaction as a model reaction. This work demonstrated that homogeneous catalysts can be successfully immobilised within porous liquids in principle and that the approach used could be readily adapted for the immobilisation of other systems.
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27
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Scattolin T, Tzouras NV, Falivene L, Cavallo L, Nolan SP. Using sodium acetate for the synthesis of [Au(NHC)X] complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9694-9700. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sodium acetate enables the synthesis of [Au(NHC)Cl] complexes, as well as their Au-alkynyl and -thiolato derivatives in high yields, under air and in technical grade, green solvents. The mild synthetic methods are also investigated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Laura Falivene
- Department KAUST Catalysis Centre
- KCC
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal-23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Department KAUST Catalysis Centre
- KCC
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal-23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
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28
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Gianotti E, Miletto I, Ivaldi C, Paul G, Marchese L, Meazza M, Rios R, Raja R. Hybrid catalysts based on N-heterocyclic carbene anchored on hierarchical zeolites. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35336-35344. [PMID: 35528109 PMCID: PMC9074450 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid materials have been synthesized by anchoring a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor on different inorganic zeolitic supports with hierarchical porosity, in particular hierarchical HZSM-5 and SAPO-5. Hierarchical porous inorganic supports have been obtained both by top-down and bottom-up approaches and the role of hierarchical porosity has been evaluated. A detailed physico-chemical characterization has been performed on the organic-inorganic hybrids using a multi-technique approach (XRD, volumetric and thermogravimetric analysis, ssNMR and FTIR) in order to establish a structure-property relationship. The hybrids were tested in the benzoin condensation reaction of furfural, a base catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Gianotti
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale V. T. Michel 11 I-15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Ivana Miletto
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale V. T. Michel 11 I-15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Chiara Ivaldi
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale V. T. Michel 11 I-15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Geo Paul
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale V. T. Michel 11 I-15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Leonardo Marchese
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale V. T. Michel 11 I-15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Marta Meazza
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ramon Rios
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Robert Raja
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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29
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Smith CA, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Singh I, Nazemi A, Li CH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4986-5056. [PMID: 30938514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
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30
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Hu Y, Guo S. Palladacycles bearing COOH-/ester-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes: Divergent syntheses and catalytic applications. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Hu
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
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31
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Lovat G, Doud EA, Lu D, Kladnik G, Inkpen MS, Steigerwald ML, Cvetko D, Hybertsen MS, Morgante A, Roy X, Venkataraman L. Determination of the structure and geometry of N-heterocyclic carbenes on Au(111) using high-resolution spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2019; 10:930-935. [PMID: 30774887 PMCID: PMC6346291 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) bind very strongly to transition metals due to their unique electronic structure featuring a divalent carbon atom with a lone pair in a highly directional sp2-hybridized orbital. As such, they can be assembled into monolayers on metal surfaces that have enhanced stability compared to their thiol-based counterparts. The utility of NHCs to form such robust self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was only recently recognized and many fundamental questions remain. Here we investigate the structure and geometry of a series of NHCs on Au(111) using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. We find that the N-substituents on the NHC ring strongly affect the molecule-metal interaction and steer the orientation of molecules in the surface layer. In contrast to previous reports, our experimental and theoretical results provide unequivocal evidence that NHCs with N-methyl substituents bind to undercoordinated adatoms to form flat-lying complexes. In these SAMs, the donor-acceptor interaction between the NHC lone pair and the undercoordinated Au adatom is primarily responsible for the strong bonding of the molecules to the surface. NHCs with bulkier N-substituents prevent the formation of such complexes by forcing the molecules into an upright orientation. Our work provides unique insights into the bonding and geometry of NHC monolayers; more generally, it charts a clear path to manipulating the interaction between NHCs and metal surfaces using traditional coordination chemistry synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lovat
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Evan A Doud
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York , USA
| | - Gregor Kladnik
- CNR-IOM Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5 , 34012 Trieste , Italy .
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , University of Ljubljana , Jadranska 19 , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Michael S Inkpen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | | | - Dean Cvetko
- CNR-IOM Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5 , 34012 Trieste , Italy .
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , University of Ljubljana , Jadranska 19 , Ljubljana , Slovenia
- J. Stefan Institute , Jamova 39 , Ljubljana , SI-1000 , Slovenia
| | - Mark S Hybertsen
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York , USA
| | - Alberto Morgante
- CNR-IOM Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5 , 34012 Trieste , Italy .
- Department of Physics , University of Trieste , via A. Valerio 2 , 34127 , Trieste , Italy
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
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32
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An Ionic Liquid Immobilized Palladium Complex for an Effective Heck and Suzuki Coupling Reactions. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-018-00038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Liu X, Xu W, Xiang D, Zhang Z, Chen D, Hu Y, Li Y, Ouyang Y, Lin H. Palladium immobilized on functionalized hypercrosslinked polymers: a highly active and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions in water. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three palladium complexes were synthesized via an external cross-linking reaction and found to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Wei Xu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Dexuan Xiang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Zaixing Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Dizhao Chen
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Yangjian Hu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Yuanxiang Li
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Yuejun Ouyang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material
- Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Huaihua University
- Huaihua 418000
- China
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34
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Liu JQ, Gou XX, Han YF. Chelating Bis(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2257-2276. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Gou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P.R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P.R. China
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35
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Wang W, Cui L, Sun P, Shi L, Yue C, Li F. Reusable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex Catalysts and Beyond: A Perspective on Recycling Strategies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9843-9929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lifeng Cui
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengtao Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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36
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Polystyrene-Supported Acyclic Diaminocarbene Palladium Complexes in Sonogashira Cross-Coupling: Stability vs. Catalytic Activity. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of immobilized on the amino-functionalized polystyrene-supported acyclic diaminocarbene palladium complexes (ADC-PdII) are investigated under Sonogashira cross-coupling conditions. Depending on substituents in the diaminocarbene fragment immobilized ADC-PdII, systems are found to have different catalytic activity and stability regarding Pd-leaching. PdII-diaminocarbenes possessing protons at both nitrogen atoms smoothly decompose into Pd0-containing species providing a catalytic “cocktail system” with high activity and ability to reuse within nine runs. Polymer-supported palladium (II) complex bearing NBn–Ccarbene–NH-moiety exhibits greater stability while noticeably lower activity under Sonogashira cross-coupling. Four molecular ADC-PdII complexes are also synthesized and investigated with the aim of confirming proposed base-promoted pathway of ADC-PdII conversion through carbodiimide into an active Pd0 forms.
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37
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Lindhorst AC, Kaspar M, Altmann PJ, Pöthig A, Kühn FE. Synthesis, characterization and derivatization of hydroxyl-functionalized iron(ii) bis(NHC) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1857-1867. [PMID: 29337326 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of a novel hydroxyl-functionalized tetradentate NHC/pyridine hybrid ligand and the corresponding Ag(i) and Fe(ii) complexes are presented. Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction techniques are used for structural investigations and cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal interesting electronic properties. Transmetalation of the trinuclear Ag(i) complex (C1) yields a mononuclear and a dinuclear iron(ii) bis(NHC) complex (C2 and C3), which can be separated by stepwise precipitation. The former is isostructural to iron(ii) bis(NHC) complex A, which is a versatile oxidation catalyst. Furthermore, suitable conditions for esterification reactions of the ligand precursor and iron(ii) bis(NHC) complex (C2) have been established, demonstrating the utility of the hydroxyl functionality for immobilization and derivatization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Lindhorst
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
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38
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Jana A, Grela K. Forged and fashioned for faithfulness-ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts bearing ammonium tags. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:122-139. [PMID: 29188265 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the synthesis and applications of selected ammonium tagged Ru-alkylidene metathesis catalysts were described. Because of the straightforward synthesis, the first generation of onium-tagged catalysts have the ammonium group installed in the benzylidene ligand. Such catalysts usually give relatively pure metathesis products, and are used in polar solvents and water, or immobilised on various supports. Later, catalysts tagged in the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (NHC) were developed to offer higher stability and even lower metal contamination levels. Due to minimal leaching, the non-dissociating ligand tagged systems were successfully immobilised on various supports, including zeolites and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and used in batch and in continuous flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Jana
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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39
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Liu Y, Lou B, Shangguan L, Cai J, Zhu H, Shi B. Pillar[5]arene-Based Organometallic Cross-Linked Polymer: Synthesis, Structure Characterization, and Catalytic Activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Baohui Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Shangguan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingsong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Huangtianzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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40
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Tu PC, Zhou L, Kirillov AM, Fang R, Yang L. Computational study on the NHC-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles: mechanism, key intermediate and the role of the catalyst. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanism, key intermediate and role of NHC for NHC-catalyzed umpolung of imines are clarified through our calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Complexo I
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
| | - Ran Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lizi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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41
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Ruiz-Botella S, Peris E. Immobilization of Pyrene-Adorned N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Rhodium(I) on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Study of their Catalytic Activity. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Ruiz-Botella
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM); Universitat Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat. E- 12071- Castellón Spain), Fax
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM); Universitat Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat. E- 12071- Castellón Spain), Fax
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42
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Schroeter F, Strassner T. Cationic versus Anionic Palladium Species in the Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schroeter
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
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43
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Sarmiento JT, Suárez-Pantiga S, Olmos A, Varea T, Asensio G. Silica-Immobilized NHC-Gold(I) Complexes: Versatile Catalysts for the Functionalization of Alkynes under Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeymy T. Sarmiento
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés
s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Suárez-Pantiga
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés
s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Olmos
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés
s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Varea
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés
s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Asensio
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés
s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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44
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Prabusankar G, Sathyanarayana A, Raju G, Nagababu C. Methanol as a Hydrogen Source in the PdII
−Bis(N
-Heterocyclic Carbene)-Mediated Catalytic Semireduction of Alkynes Under Mild Reaction Conditions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad; Kandi Sangareddy Telangana 502285 India
| | - Arruri Sathyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad; Kandi Sangareddy Telangana 502285 India
| | - Gembali Raju
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad; Kandi Sangareddy Telangana 502285 India
| | - Chatla Nagababu
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad; Kandi Sangareddy Telangana 502285 India
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45
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Gibard C, Fauché K, Guillot R, Jouffret L, Traïkia M, Gautier A, Cisnetti F. Access to silver-NHC complexes from soluble silver species in aqueous or ethanolic ammonia. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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46
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Kale D, Rashinkar G, Kumbhar A, Salunkhe R. Facile Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling using ferrocene tethered N-heterocyclic carbene-Pd complex anchored on cellulose. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Fareghi-Alamdari R, Saeedi MS, Panahi F. New bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) palladium complex immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles: as a magnetic reusable catalyst in Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi-Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Malek-Ashtar University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Farhad Panahi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
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48
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Majeed MH, Shayesteh P, Wallenberg LR, Persson AR, Johansson N, Ye L, Schnadt J, Wendt OF. Polymer-Supported Palladium(II) Carbene Complexes: Catalytic Activity, Recyclability, and Selectivity in C−H Acetoxylation of Arenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:8457-8465. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maitham H. Majeed
- Centre for Analysis snd Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Payam Shayesteh
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research; Department of Physics; Lund University, Box 118; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - L. Reine Wallenberg
- Centre for Analysis snd Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
- National Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Axel R. Persson
- Centre for Analysis snd Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
- National Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research; Department of Physics; Lund University, Box 118; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Centre for Applied Life Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research; Department of Physics; Lund University, Box 118; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Ola F. Wendt
- Centre for Analysis snd Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University, Box 124; 221 00 Lund Sweden
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49
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Li Y, Xu L, Xu B, Mao Z, Xu H, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Wang B, Sui X. Cellulose Sponge Supported Palladium Nanoparticles as Recyclable Cross-Coupling Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17155-17162. [PMID: 28471160 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Robust and flexible cellulose sponges were prepared by dual-cross-linking cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and polydopamine (PDA) and used as carriers of metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as palladium (Pd). In situ growth of Pd NPs on the surface of CNF was achieved in the presence of polydopamine (PDA). The modified sponges were characterized with FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, and TGA. XRD, EDX, and TEM results revealed that the Pd NPs were homogeneously dispersed on the surface of CNF with a narrow size distribution. The catalysts could be successfully applied to heterogeneous Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions. Leaching of Pd was negligible and the catalysts could be conveniently separated from the products and reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhan Li
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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50
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Gaggioli CA, Bistoni G, Ciancaleoni G, Tarantelli F, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Modulating the Bonding Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): A Systematic Charge-Displacement Analysis. Chemistry 2017; 23:7558-7569. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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