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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Borah KD, Yamang H, Singh NG, Bhuyan J. Quest for Zinc Methoxyisoporphyrin Molecules: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Devi Borah
- Department of Chemistry North Eastern Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli Arunachal Pradesh 791101
| | - Hano Yamang
- Department of Chemistry North Eastern Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli Arunachal Pradesh 791101
| | - N. Ghanashyam Singh
- Department of Chemistry North Eastern Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli Arunachal Pradesh 791101
| | - Jagannath Bhuyan
- Department of Chemistry North Eastern Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli Arunachal Pradesh 791101
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Singh NG, Borah KD, Majumder S, Bhuyan J. Ethanol coordinated zinc trimethoxyphenylporphyrin: Structure, theoretical studies and formation of isoporphyrin. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Conradie J, Ghosh A. Energetics of Saddling versus Ruffling in Metalloporphyrins: Unusual Ruffled Dodecasubstituted Porphyrins. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6708-6714. [PMID: 31457262 PMCID: PMC6644939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Presented herein is a first major density functional theory (BP86/D3/STO-TZ2P) survey of the energetics of saddling versus ruffling for a wide range of dodecasubstituted metalloporphyrins with M = Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, and Pt. For the majority of X8TPP (i.e., β-octasubstituted-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin), the calculations indicated a clear preference for the saddled conformation, consistent with a large body of experimental data. The preference for the saddled conformation relative to the ruffled conformation was found to vary from about ∼0.3-0.4 eV for Me8TPP derivatives up to 1 eV for I8TPP and (CF3)8TPP derivatives. For X = Ph, that is, dodecaphenylporphyrins, the saddled and the ruffled conformation are almost equienergetic, with even a slight preference for the ruffled conformation in some cases. This finding provides a satisfactory explanation for the X-ray crystallographic observation of both saddled and ruffled conformations for dodecaphenylporphyrin complexes as well as for spectroscopic evidence for conformational mobility of these complexes in solution. The calculations also indicate near-equienergetic saddled and ruffled conformations for meso-tetraacetylenyltetrabenzoporphyrins, again consonant with key crystallographic findings. By and large, both the energetics and nonplanar distortions of the metalloporphyrin derivatives correlated well with the Charton and Sterimol B1 steric parameters of the peripheral substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Titi HM, Tripuramallu BK, Goldberg I. Porphyrin-based assemblies directed by non-covalent interactions: highlights of recent investigations. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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