1
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Balaghi SE, Triana CA, Patzke GR. Molybdenum-Doped Manganese Oxide as a Highly Efficient and Economical Water Oxidation Catalyst. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Esmael Balaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. A. Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greta R. Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Heidari S, Singh JP, Feizi H, Bagheri R, Chae KH, Song Z, Khatamian M, Najafpour MM. Electrochemical water oxidation by simple manganese salts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7749. [PMID: 31123332 PMCID: PMC6533286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been great efforts to synthesize an efficient water-oxidizing catalyst. However, to find the true catalyst in the harsh conditions of the water-oxidation reaction is an open area in science. Herein, we showed that corrosion of some simple manganese salts, MnCO3, MnWO4, Mn3(PO4)2 · 3H2O, and Mn(VO3)2 · xH2O, under the water-electrolysis conditions at pH = 6.3, gives an amorphous manganese oxide. This conversion was studied with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), as well as, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemistry methods. When using as a water-oxidizing catalyst, such results are important to display that long-term water oxidation can change the nature of the manganese salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Heidari
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jitendra Pal Singh
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hadi Feizi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Robabeh Bagheri
- Surface Protection Research Group, Surface Department, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 519 Zhuangshi Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenlun Song
- Surface Protection Research Group, Surface Department, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 519 Zhuangshi Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Maasoumeh Khatamian
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.
- Research Center for Basic Sciences & Modern Technologies (RBST), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
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3
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Zhao Y, Yan X, Yang KR, Cao S, Dong Q, Thorne JE, Materna KL, Zhu S, Pan X, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Brudvig GW, Batista VS, Wang D. End-On Bound Iridium Dinuclear Heterogeneous Catalysts on WO 3 for Solar Water Oxidation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1166-1172. [PMID: 30276249 PMCID: PMC6161057 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts with atomically defined active centers hold great promise for high-performance applications. Among them, catalysts featuring active moieties with more than one metal atom are important for chemical reactions that require synergistic effects but are rarer than single atom catalysts (SACs). The difficulty in synthesizing such catalysts has been a key challenge. Recent progress in preparing dinuclear heterogeneous catalysts (DHCs) from homogeneous molecular precursors has provided an effective route to address this challenge. Nevertheless, only side-on bound DHCs, where both metal atoms are affixed to the supporting substrate, have been reported. The competing end-on binding mode, where only one metal atom is attached to the substrate and the other metal atom is dangling, has been missing. Here, we report the first observation that end-on binding is indeed possible for Ir DHCs supported on WO3. Unambiguous evidence supporting the binding mode was obtained by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Density functional theory calculations provide additional support for the binding mode, as well as insights into how end-on bound DHCs may be beneficial for solar water oxidation reactions. The results have important implications for future studies of highly effective heterogeneous catalysts for complex chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center,
Boston College, Chestnut
Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xingxu Yan
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics
and Astronomy, University of California
- Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ke R. Yang
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sufeng Cao
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Qi Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center,
Boston College, Chestnut
Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - James E. Thorne
- Department
of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center,
Boston College, Chestnut
Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Kelly L. Materna
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shasha Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center,
Boston College, Chestnut
Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics
and Astronomy, University of California
- Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center,
Boston College, Chestnut
Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
- E-mail:
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4
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Tempas CD, Morris TW, Wisman DL, Le D, Din NU, Williams CG, Wang M, Polezhaev AV, Rahman TS, Caulton KG, Tait SL. Redox-active ligand controlled selectivity of vanadium oxidation on Au(100). Chem Sci 2018; 9:1674-1685. [PMID: 29675215 PMCID: PMC5887816 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04752e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic coordination networks at surfaces, formed by on-surface redox assembly, are of interest for designing specific and selective chemical function at surfaces for heterogeneous catalysts and other applications. The chemical reactivity of single-site transition metals in on-surface coordination networks, which is essential to these applications, has not previously been fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate with a surface-supported, single-site V system that not only are these sites active toward dioxygen activation, but the products of that reaction show much higher selectivity than traditional vanadium nanoparticles, leading to only one V-oxo product. We have studied the chemical reactivity of one-dimensional metal-organic vanadium - 3,6-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DPTZ) chains with O2. The electron-rich chains self-assemble through an on-surface redox process on the Au(100) surface and are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and density functional theory. Reaction of V-DPTZ chains with O2 causes an increase in V oxidation state from VII to VIV, resulting in a single strongly bonded (DPTZ2-)VIVO product and spillover of O to the Au surface. DFT calculations confirm these products and also suggest new candidate intermediate states, providing mechanistic insight into this on-surface reaction. In contrast, the oxidation of ligand-free V is less complete and results in multiple oxygen-bound products. This demonstrates the high chemical selectivity of single-site metal centers in metal-ligand complexes at surfaces compared to metal nanoislands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias W Morris
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA . ;
| | - David L Wisman
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA . ;
- NAVSEA Crane , Crane , IN 47522 , USA
| | - Duy Le
- Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA .
| | - Naseem U Din
- Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA .
| | | | - Miao Wang
- Department of Physics , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA
| | | | - Talat S Rahman
- Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA .
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , 20018 San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Kenneth G Caulton
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA . ;
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA . ;
- Department of Physics , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA
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5
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Heidari S, Najafpour MM, Hołyńska M, Singh JP, Chae KH, Khatamian M. Water oxidation by simple manganese salts in the presence of cerium(iv) ammonium nitrate: towards a complete picture. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1557-1565. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, using some methods, we showed that under the water-oxidation conditions and in the presence of cerium(iv) ammonium nitrate, some manganese salts are converted to Mn oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Heidari
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- 5166616471 Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan
- Iran
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Jitendra Pal Singh
- Advanced Analysis Center
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Seoul 02792
- Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Seoul 02792
- Republic of Korea
| | - Masoumeh Khatamian
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- 5166616471 Tabriz
- Iran
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6
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Liu X, Inagaki S, Gong J. Heterogene molekulare Systeme für eine photokatalytische CO2-Reduktion mit Wasseroxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shinji Inagaki
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc.; Nagakute Aichi 480-1192 Japan
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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7
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Liu X, Inagaki S, Gong J. Heterogeneous Molecular Systems for Photocatalytic CO2Reduction with Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14924-14950. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shinji Inagaki
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc.; Nagakute Aichi 480-1192 Japan
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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8
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Najafpour MM, Renger G, Hołyńska M, Moghaddam AN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Nishihara H, Eaton-Rye JJ, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Manganese Compounds as Water-Oxidizing Catalysts: From the Natural Water-Oxidizing Complex to Nanosized Manganese Oxide Structures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2886-936. [PMID: 26812090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All cyanobacteria, algae, and plants use a similar water-oxidizing catalyst for water oxidation. This catalyst is housed in Photosystem II, a membrane-protein complex that functions as a light-driven water oxidase in oxygenic photosynthesis. Water oxidation is also an important reaction in artificial photosynthesis because it has the potential to provide cheap electrons from water for hydrogen production or for the reduction of carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. The water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II is a Mn-Ca cluster that oxidizes water with a low overpotential and high turnover frequency number of up to 25-90 molecules of O2 released per second. In this Review, we discuss the atomic structure of the Mn-Ca cluster of the Photosystem II water-oxidizing complex from the viewpoint that the underlying mechanism can be informative when designing artificial water-oxidizing catalysts. This is followed by consideration of functional Mn-based model complexes for water oxidation and the issue of Mn complexes decomposing to Mn oxide. We then provide a detailed assessment of the chemistry of Mn oxides by considering how their bulk and nanoscale properties contribute to their effectiveness as water-oxidizing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Renger
- Institute of Chemistry, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku , 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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9
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Suseno S, McCrory CCL, Tran R, Gul S, Yano J, Agapie T. Molecular Mixed-Metal Manganese Oxido Cubanes as Precursors to Heterogeneous Oxygen Evolution Catalysts. Chemistry 2015; 21:13420-30. [PMID: 26246131 PMCID: PMC4868073 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined mixed-metal [CoMn3 O4 ] and [NiMn3 O4 ] cubane complexes were synthesized and used as precursors for heterogeneous oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. The discrete clusters were dropcasted onto glassy carbon (GC) and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, and the OER activities of the resulting films were evaluated. The catalytic surfaces were analyzed by various techniques to gain insight into the structure-function relationships of the electrocatalysts' heterometallic composition. Depending on preparation conditions, the Co-Mn oxide was found to change metal composition during catalysis, while the Ni-Mn oxides maintained the NiMn3 ratio. XAS studies provided structural insights indicating that the electrocatalysts are different from the molecular precursors, but that the original NiMn3 O4 cubane-like geometry was maintained in the absence of thermal treatment (2-Ni). In contrast, the thermally generated 3-Ni develops an oxide-like extended structure. Both 2-Ni and 3-Ni undergo structural changes upon electrolysis, but they do not convert into the same material. The observed structural motifs in these heterogeneous electrocatalysts are reminiscent of the biological oxygen-evolving complex in Photosystem II, including the MMn3 O4 cubane moiety. The reported studies demonstrate the use of discrete heterometallic oxide clusters as precursors for heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts of novel composition and the distinct behavior of two sets of mixed metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Suseno
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125 (USA)
| | - Charles C L McCrory
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Pasadena, California 91125 (USA)
| | - Rosalie Tran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (USA)
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (USA)
| | - Junko Yano
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (USA)
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125 (USA).
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10
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Yan Y, Lee JS, Ruddy DA. Structure–Function Relationships for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by Molecular [Mn12O12] Clusters. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4550-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John S. Lee
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Daniel A. Ruddy
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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11
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Van Allsburg KM, Anzenberg E, Drisdell WS, Yano J, Tilley TD. Oxygen‐Atom Transfer Chemistry and Thermolytic Properties of a Di‐
tert
‐Butylphosphate‐Ligated Mn
4
O
4
Cubane. Chemistry 2015; 21:4646-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M. Van Allsburg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 420 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
| | - Eitan Anzenberg
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
| | - Walter S. Drisdell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
| | - Junko Yano
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 420 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA)
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12
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Najafpour MM, Moghaddam AN, Dau H, Zaharieva I. Fragments of Layered Manganese Oxide Are the Real Water Oxidation Catalyst after Transformation of Molecular Precursor on Clay. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7245-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5028716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Najafpour
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Atefeh N. Moghaddam
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Holger Dau
- Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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